1947-1948年巴勒斯坦託管地內戰

1947-1948年巴勒斯坦託管地內戰第一次中东战争的第一阶段。在联合国大会于 1947年11月29日通过聯合國大會第181號決議,建议英國委任統治下的巴勒斯坦託管地上分別成立猶太人國家和阿拉伯人國家之前,巴勒斯坦地區猶太人與阿拉伯人便因民族與宗教矛盾早已衝突已久,自1920年代便有阿拉伯人殺害猶太人的事件,在1936至1939年間的英屬巴勒斯坦阿拉伯暴動造成了約400名猶太人死亡[1],其中在1937至1939年阿拉伯部隊更是獲得了納粹德國的裝備及資助。[2]

在1947年11月19日猶太復國主義極端組織因懷疑有阿拉伯居民向英國管理政府通報猶太民兵組織而實施了舒巴基家族屠殺事件[1],舒巴基家族的五名阿拉伯人在此事件中被殺。

1947年11月30日疑似為了報復舒巴基家族屠殺事件,來自雅法的耶路撒冷和海法的猶太巴士遭到了阿拉伯部隊的槍擊(Fajja bus attacks),造成七名猶太人身亡。該事件為前一天11月29日聯合國大會通過第181號決議後,巴勒斯坦託管地的首起襲擊事件。

在内战期间,巴勒斯坦的猶太人阿拉伯社区冲突持續,前者由於梅爾夫人籌集了美國同情者捐贈的資金,以及史達林支持猶太復國主義事業的決定,巴勒斯坦的猶太代表能夠在東方簽署非常重要的軍備合約。其他哈加納猶太組織成員回收了第二次世界大戰期間的庫存,這有助於改善軍隊的裝備和後勤。光是猶太機構就撥出2800萬美元用於外國軍火採購。相較之下,巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯高級委員會此時的總預算為225萬美元,相當於哈加納戰前的年度預算而已。[2]有义务维持秩序的英国人则選擇了撤退,它們只是偶尔干预衝突[3][4]

1948年4月9日,爆發了代爾亞辛村大屠殺,猶太復國主義恐怖組織伊爾貢萊希殺死了至少 107 名巴勒斯坦村民,其中包括婦女和兒童,代爾亞辛村的殘暴屠殺令很多阿拉伯人恐懼,促使更多阿拉伯人逃離巴勒斯坦,而阿拉伯部隊亦對猶太人實施報復襲擊:1948年4月13日,替耶路撒冷斯科普斯山(Mount Scopus)的哈達薩醫院提供運輸服務的醫療車隊在路上遭到阿拉伯民兵的狙擊,阿拉伯武裝先是用地雷阻止了車隊的前進,隨後對車上的乘客進行掃射,該事件造成猶太裔醫師、護士、病人、實習生與一名英國士兵共79人死亡,即哈達薩醫療車隊大屠殺事件(Hadassah medical convoy massacre)。

1948年5月14日,英国对巴勒斯坦的委任统治結束,以色列宣布建國,周边的阿拉伯国家例如埃及外约旦伊拉克叙利亚等国纷纷派軍隊出兵以色列,戰爭進入第二階段[5]

参考文献

  1. ^ NY Herald Tribune,. "The shootings were the first since August involving Arabs and although there were no signs of it tonight people on both sides feared they might bring an attack by Arabs on Jews somewhere in the country to avenge the Arab deaths.". [Nov. 21, 1947]. 
  2. ^ Henry Laurens. La Question de Palestine, vol. 3 Fayard 2007 p. 33.. Fayard. 
  3. ^ Melvin I. Urofsky. A voice that spoke for justice: the life and times of Stephen S. Wise. SUNY Press. January 1982: 282 [2021-01-24]. ISBN 978-0-87395-538-6. (原始内容存档于2020-10-03). 
  4. ^ Charles Herbert Levermore; Denys Peter Myers. Yearbook of the League of Nations. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 1921: 63 [2021-01-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-24). 
  5. ^ 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine英语1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, p. 180 and further

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