卡西语支

卡西语支
地理分佈印度、孟加拉
谱系学分类南亚语系
原始語言原始卡西语
分支
—
–
Glottologkhas1268[1]

  卡西语支

卡西语支是一群南亚语系语言，分布在印度东北部梅加拉亚邦和相邻的孟加拉地区。

语言

Sidwell (2018: 27–31)的卡西语支分类方案如下。

原始卡西语

称作Bhoi的方言同属于浦那尔语和卡西语。

外部关系

Paul Sidwell (2011)认为卡西语支与佤德昂语支关系密切，形成卡西–佤德昂语族。

下面8个卡西-佤德昂同源词来自Sidwell (2018: 32)。

词义 原始卡西语
(Sidwell 2018)		 原始佤德昂语
(Sidwell 2015)[2]
血 *snaːm *snaːm
爪 *trʧʰiːm *rənsiːm
发 *sɲuʔ *ɲuk
夫 trmɛ(瓦尔语) *-meʔ
雨 *slap；
slɛ (瓦尔语)		 *clɛʔ
游泳 *ɟŋiː *ŋɔj
2 *ʔaːr *ləʔaːr
水 *ʔum *ʔoːm

词汇创新

Sidwell (2018: 23)给出卡西语支下列词汇创新。

词义 原始卡西语 林甘语 马哈拉姆语 卡西语 浦那尔语 Mnar 瓦尔语
炒饭 *ʤaː ʥa ʤa ja /ʤaː/ ʤa ci ʧi
月亮 *bnəːj bni bne bnai /bnaːi/ bnaj pni pnʊ
唱 *rwəːj rəŋwi rwej rwái /rwaːi/ rwaj – rvʊ
4 *saːw saw saw sáw /saːw/ so sɔu ria
河 *waʔ – waɁ wah /waːʔ/ waɁ waɁ waɁ
全 *barɔɁ prok barɔʔ baroh /barɔːʔ/ warɔʔ – bərɒʔ
猪 *sniaŋ sɲaŋ sniaŋ sniang /sniaŋ/ sniaŋ cʰɲaŋ rniŋ
沙 *ʧʔiap ʥʔep ʧiʔɛp shyiap /ʃʔiap/ ʧʔiap ʃʔip ʃʔiap
喝 *di:ʔ/c dec dɔc dih /diːʔ/ diʔ deʔ deʔ
花/星 *kʰloːr kʰlor kʰlɔr khlúr /kʰloːr/ kʰlor – khlʊə
舌 *tʰnləːc təloc tʰl̩let thyllied /tʰɨlleːc/ tʰl̩leɟ kʰlut kʰlit
冰 *tʰaʔ tʰaʔ tʰaʔ thah /tʰaːʔ/ tʰaʔ tʰaʔ tʰaʔ

构拟

原始卡西语和原始浦那尔-卡西-林甘语构拟有Paul Sidwell (2018)。原始卡西语可能诞生于2000-2500年前，瓦尔语约在1500年前从其他卡西语变体间分离出来(Sidwell 2018: 20)。

原始卡西语形态有使役*pN-前缀和动词化*-r-中缀(Sidwell 2018: 66-67)。

下列构拟来自Sidwell (2018: 51-67)：

人称代词
阳 阴 复
1 *ŋa (话题/间接格)；
*ʔɔ (默认)		 *ŋa (话题/间接格)；
*ʔɔ (默认)		 *ʔi
2 *me *pʰa *pʰi
3
(有生) 		*ʔu *ka *ki
3
(无生~指小) 		*ʔi *ʔi *ʔi
指示代词
  • *ni 远指
  • *tu 远中指
  • *taj 远指（可见）
  • *te 近中指
  • *tɛ 远指（不可见）
否定词
  • *ʔǝm 不
  • *ham 别
  • *ta 不
前置介词/格标记
  • *ha 方位/间接格
  • *ʤɔŋ 领属某物
  • *da 工具格
  • *ba （？）和
  • *tV 间接格
时态语素
  • *la:j 去
  • *dɛp 完成
  • *diʔ 去
  • *daː 有
  • *ʤuʔ 相同
词法词缀
  • *pN- 使役化前缀
  • *-r- 动词化中缀
数词
数词 原始卡西语 原始浦那尔-
卡西-林甘语
1 *wiː~*miː
1 *ʧiː
2 *ʔaːr
3 *laːj
4 *saːw
5 *san
6 *tʰruː
7 *ʰnɲəw
8 *pʰraː
9 *kʰndaːj
10 *pʰəw

音变

Sidwell (2018)给出下列前卡西语的音变。

另见

参考

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Khasian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  2. ^ Sidwell, Paul. 2015. The Palaungic Languages: Classification, Reconstruction and Comparative Lexicon （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. München: Lincom Europa.
  • Sidwell, Paul. 2011. Proto-Khasian and Khasi-Palaungic. Journal of the South East Asia linguistics society （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Vol. 4.2, pages 144-168, December 2011.
  • Sidwell, Paul. 2011b. Proto-Khasian (or -War-Khasi); reconstruction and classification （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Presented at SEALS 21, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Sidwell, Paul. 2018. The Khasian Languages: Classification, Reconstruction, and Comparative Lexicon. Languages of the World 58. Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783862889143

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