切爾諾貝爾核事故(俄语:Авария на Чернобыльской АЭС,羅馬化:Avariya na Chernobyl'skoy AES;烏克蘭語:Чорнобильська катастрофа,羅馬化:Chornobylska katastrofa),或稱車諾比事件,是1986年4月26日於苏联乌克兰普里皮亚季市切尔诺贝利核电站發生的核反应堆破裂事故。該事故是歷史上最嚴重的核電事故,也是首例被國際核事件分級表評為最高第七級事件的特大事故。該事故對蘇聯影響甚大,蘇聯官方的報告表示[2],約60%受到輻射塵污染的地區皆位於白俄罗斯境內。經濟上,這場災難總共损失大概六百八十亿美元[3](已计算通货膨胀),是近代歷史中代價最大的災難。[4]2006年,前苏联共产党總書記戈尔巴乔夫稱:「20年前在本月發生的切爾諾貝爾核事故,可能是5年之後苏联解体的真正原因,其重要程度甚至要超過我所開啟的经济改革」[5]。
4月27日清晨6点,驻基辅的内卫部队第290摩步团及苏军化学兵总司令弗拉基米尔·卡尔波维奇·皮卡洛夫(俄语:Пикалов, Владимир Карпович)将军率核防护部队2600人,400辆专用车辆乘运输机、直升机飞抵事故现场,苏联内卫部队驻利沃夫第10摩步团与顿涅茨克第510摩步营也在路上。苏联内卫部队第3独立特种航空团的直升机飞行员冒着生命危险在灾区上空飞行,收集各种情报与数据,不少飞行员由于吸收了过量辐射而英年早逝。同時在4月27日至5月6日,千百趟直升机向四号反应堆投下了5000多吨灭火材料。放射性物质释放剂量才从12000k贝克勒尔减少到100k贝克勒尔。另外,由於爆炸后拖到18小时才决定必须紧急疏散电站旁普里皮亚季市的居民;次日上午通知全市居民每人有2小时准备时间,只能携带有限物品如证件、贵重物品、儿童允许带一件玩具,不需要带货币、冬衣;在事故發生後34小時,调集的1000辆大客车開始疏散居民,政府也派出軍隊強制人們撤離,至下午2点,事故36小时后,约3万5千居民全部撤离,部分人在撤離前就已經吸收了過量的輻射。由於苏联政府擔心引起人民恐慌,所以居民並沒有被告知事情的全部真相,以为过几天即可返回家园。而其他区域更毫不知情,基辅虽然处在于上风的地带,人們还大张旗鼓地庆祝五一节,乌克兰共产党第一书记弗拉基米尔·瓦西里耶维奇·谢尔比茨基也带家人参加了庆典,但因几天后的风向变化,人们都受到一定剂量的辐射。
蘇聯當局在事件發生之後36小時,才開始疏散住在車諾比反應爐周圍的居民。在1986年5月,即事件發生後一個月,約116,000名住在核電廠方圓30公里(相當於18英里)內的居民都被疏散至其他地區。因此,這個地區經常會被稱為疏散區域(Zone of alienation)。然而輻射所影響的範圍其實能散播至超過方圓30公里外的地方。有超過300,000人脫離了災難的威脅,但仍然有數百萬人繼續居住在污染區內。
另外,國際癌症研究機構於2006年四月份報告,主題為「車諾比核事故釋放出的輻射塵,所導致在歐洲癌症人士的資料統計」。但是,他們又稱癌症人士的統計數目,較難做出一個較準確的統計表。當然,結果顯示出的是,現今歐洲癌症人士並沒有任何上升的趨勢。另外,例如在污染地區患上甲狀腺癌症的話,就一定是被事故里的輻射塵所感染。但其實最終的是,按照線性無門檻模型(linear no threshold model)在癌症方面上的研究,說出可能會在2065年之內,額外會有16,000多人死於癌症。他們的預計方針,是根據95%置信区间而定的。
^Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. [2009-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2007-06-30). (quoting the "Committee on the Problems of the Consequences of the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP: 15 Years after Chernobyl Disaster", Minsk, 2001, p. 5/6 ff., and the "Chernobyl Interinform Agency, Kiev und", and "Chernobyl Committee: MailTable of official data on the reactor accident")
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