伊斯兰社会主义是由一些穆斯林领袖以满足社会主义更多的精神需求,在调和伊斯兰教义与社会主义思想的基础上而创造的一种思潮。穆斯林中的社会主义者认为,《古兰经》和“穆罕默德圣训”中的思想(尤其是天课)与社会主义中追求社会平等和财富再分配的原则存在相通之处。甚至有人认为社会主义思想来源于《古兰经》。而一些原教旨的伊斯兰学者则声称,把对私有财产的没收等做法说成是社会主义的做法,是对伊斯兰教义的歪曲和亵渎。一些社会主义者则认为,在伊斯兰社会主义的形成发展过程中,由于糅合了宗教与民族主义的成分,是对科学社会主义的歪曲与误读[1]。伊斯兰社会主义者们从穆罕默德建立的倡导福利的麦地那国(英语:Muhammad in Medina)汲取了灵感,并将思想根植于反帝国主义。萨拉马·穆萨是其中的代表,他撰写了许多有关社会主义与反对英国殖民的埃及民族主义的文章。[2]
在倭马亚王朝时期又进行了一些改革。在服役期间致残的注册士兵可以领取伤残抚恤金(英语:Disability pension),而对残疾人和一般穷人也有类似的规定。哈里发韦立德一世为有需要的人分配了款项和服务,其中包括为穷人提供金钱、为盲人提供向导、为肢体残障人士提供仆人以及为所有残疾人提供养老金,以便他们永远不需要乞讨。韦立德二世和欧麦尔二世为盲人和肢体残障人士提供金钱和衣服,并为后者提供仆人。这些改革在阿巴斯王朝的马赫迪时期继续实行。[45]阿巴斯王朝的呼罗珊总督塔希尔·伊本·胡塞因(英语:Tahir ibn Husayn)在给其子的一封信中表示,应该从国库中拿出养老金给盲人,照顾一般的穷人及赤贫者,确保不会忽视那些无他提出诉求、不知如何主张自己的权利的受压迫者;还应将抚恤金分发给受灾者及他们留下的寡妇和孤儿。伊斯兰哲学家法拉比和伊本·西那所描述的“理想城市”也为残疾人分配资金。[46]
^Crone, Patricia, Medieval Islamic Political Thought, Edinburgh University Press: 307, 2005, ISBN 0-7486-2194-6
^Crone, Patricia, Medieval Islamic Political Thought, Edinburgh University Press: 308, 2005, ISBN 0-7486-2194-6
^Crone, Patricia, Medieval Islamic Political Thought, Edinburgh University Press: 309, 2005, ISBN 0-7486-2194-6
^Crone, Patricia, Medieval Islamic Political Thought, Edinburgh University Press: 309–310 and 312, 2005, ISBN 0-7486-2194-6
^Grace Clark: Pakistan's Zakat and 'Ushr as a Welfare System
^Esposito, John L. The Islamic Threat: Myth Or Reality?. Political Science. Oxford University Press. 7 October 1999: 77–78.
^Esposito, John L. The Islamic Threat: Myth Or Reality?. Political Science. Oxford University Press. 9 September 1993: 80–82. "Our socialism is both Arab".
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Shirakawa. Hideki ShirakawaBiographieNaissance 20 août 1936 (87 ans)TokyoNom dans la langue maternelle 白川 英樹Nationalité japonaiseDomiciles Taïwan sous domination japonaise (1939-1940), Takayama (1940-années 1950), Mandchoukouo (jusqu'en 1944), préfecture de TokyoFormation Université de technologie de TokyoUniversité de PennsylvanieActivités Chimiste, professeur, ingénieur, universitaireParentèle Naoko TakahashiAutres informationsA trav...
Greek writer and philosopher (1883–1957) For other uses, see Nikos Kazantzakis (disambiguation). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nikos KazantzakisKazantzakis in 1904Native nameΝίκος ΚαζαντζάκηςBorn(1883-03-02)2 March 1883Kandiye, Crete, Ottoman Empire(now Heraklion, Gree...
Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України (Держкомтелерадіо) Приміщення комітетуЗагальна інформаціяКраїна УкраїнаДата створення 2003Керівне відомство Кабінет Міністрів УкраїниРічний бюджет 1 964 898 500 ₴[1]Голова Олег НаливайкоПідвідомчі ор...
Early history of Texas A&M University–Commerce History of ETSTC redirects here. For the history of the former East Tennessee State Teachers College, see East Tennessee State University § History. Aerial view of ETSTC in 1941 The history of East Texas State Teachers College (ETSTC) comprises the history of the university now known as Texas A&M University–Commerce from its renaming as East Texas State Teachers College in 1923 (to define its purpose more clearly) to its renamin...
1922 film This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Masters of the Sea film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) Masters of the SeaDirected byAlexander KordaWritten byErnest Vajda (novel)Produced byArnold PressburgerStarringVictor VarconiMaría CordaTibor Lubinsz...
Attentati ai bus della strada di JaffaattentatoLa scena dopo il primo attentato. Tipoattacco suicida Data25 febbraio e 3 marzo 1996 LuogoStrada di Jaffa, Gerusalemme, Israele Stato Israele Coordinate31°47′19.59″N 35°12′19.77″E / 31.788774°N 35.205492°E31.788774; 35.205492Coordinate: 31°47′19.59″N 35°12′19.77″E / 31.788774°N 35.205492°E31.788774; 35.205492 Obiettivobus Responsabilientrambi gli attacchi commessi da singoli attentatori...
For the eponymous nobleman, see Pavlo Kurtik. Sanjak of Albania with Pavlo-Kurtik Vilayet Pavlo-Kurtik (Turkish: vilayet-i Pavlo Kurtik) was an administrative unit within the sanjak of Albania, Ottoman Empire, which had jurisdiction to the south of Tirana, between the Erzen and Shkumbin rivers.[1] It was one of 9 vilayets of the Arvanit-ili province until 1466.[2] Pavlo-Kurtik was first mentioned in the first defter of the sanjak of Albania (1431–1432).[3] Geography ...
United States historic placeMasonic Temple of Citrus Lodge No. 118, F. and A.M.U.S. National Register of Historic Places The former Masonic Temple, as seen from across Old Main Street(formerly West Main Street)Show map of FloridaShow map of the United StatesLocation111 West Main Street and95 South Pine Avenue,Inverness, FloridaCoordinates28°50′09″N 82°19′53″W / 28.83581°N 82.33127°W / 28.83581; -82.33127Built1910ArchitectW.B TalleyArchitectural styleNe...
Genus of mammals (cats) For other uses, see Felis (disambiguation). FelisTemporal range: Piacenzian – Holocene 3.4–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ The six wild Felis species; from top-left, clockwise: European wildcat (F. silvestris), jungle cat (F. chaus), African wildcat (F. lybica), black-footed cat (F. nigripes), sand cat (F. margarita), Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Orde...
Major daily newspaper published in Salem, Oregon, United States Statesman JournalThe July 27, 2005, front page of theStatesman JournalTypeDaily newspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)GannettPublisherRyan Kedzierski[1]EditorCherrill Crosby[1]Founded1851(as Oregon Statesman)Headquarters340 Vista Ave. SESalem, OR 97301USACirculation27,859 Mon-Tue, Thur33,815 Wed.36,323 Sun[2]ISSN0739-5507Websitestatesmanjournal.com The Statesman Journal is the major daily newspaper published i...
Operating system from IBM CP/DOS redirects here. For the similarly named Digital Research operating system, see CP/M. Operating system OS/2OS/2 Warp 4 desktop. This version was released on 25 September 1996.[1]DeveloperIBMMicrosoft (1.0–1.3)Written inC, C++ and assembly languageWorking stateHistorical, now developed as ArcaOSSource modelClosed sourceInitial releaseDecember 1987; 36 years ago (1987-12)Latest release4.52 / December 2001; 22 yea...
Excessive preoccupation with oneself For the clinical disorder, see Narcissistic personality disorder. For other uses, see Narcissism (disambiguation). Narcissus (1597–99) by Caravaggio; the man in love with his own reflection Narcissism is a self–centered personality style characterized as having an excessive preoccupation with oneself and one's own needs, often at the expense of others.[1][2] Narcissism exists on a continuum that ranges from normal to abnormal personali...
2011 mixtape by Lil' KimBlack FridayMixtape by Lil' KimReleasedFebruary 14, 2011 (2011-02-14)Recorded2009–2011GenreHip hopLength75:06LabelI.R.S.Lil' Kim chronology Ms. G.O.A.T.(2008) Black Friday(2011) Hard Core(2014) Black Friday is the second mixtape by American rapper Lil' Kim, released on February 14, 2011 through PayPal.[1] The title track is a response to Nicki Minaj's song Roman's Revenge.[2] The mixtape also contains the track Grindin' Makin' M...
مقاطعة لفيف علم شعار الإحداثيات 49°43′03″N 23°57′01″E / 49.7175°N 23.950277777778°E / 49.7175; 23.950277777778 [1] تاريخ التأسيس 4 ديسمبر 1939[2] سبب التسمية لفيف تقسيم إداري البلد أوكرانيا[3][4] التقسيم الأعلى أوكرانيا (24 أغسطس 1991–) العاصمة لفيف...
Festival of contemporary music Darmstädter FerienkurseCourse with Karlheinz Stockhausen in 1957GenreContemporary classical music in courses and concertsFrequency annually 1946 to 1970 bi-annually from 1972 Location(s)Darmstadt, many locationsInaugurated1946; 78 years ago (1946)FounderWolfgang SteineckeParticipants Composers Performers Music theorists Philosophers Patron(s)City of Darmstadt, Staatstheater, broadcastersWebsitewww.internationales-musikinstitut.de/ferienkurse D...
Area of Manchester, England This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2020) Circle Square signage Circle Square is an area of Manchester City Centre on Oxford Road, in North West England. Circle square is a 2.4 million sq ft development of commercial buildings, residential, retail, leisure space and a large public realm. Circle Square is a joint venture between Vita Group and Bruntwood SciTech. It is es...
Town in Connecticut, United StatesHartland, ConnecticutTownTown of HartlandFalls Brook in the Tunxis State Forest Seal Hartford County and Connecticut Northwest Hills Planning Region and ConnecticutShow HartlandShow ConnecticutShow the United StatesCoordinates: 42°00′18″N 72°56′53″W / 42.00500°N 72.94806°W / 42.00500; -72.94806Country United StatesU.S. state ConnecticutCountyHartfordRegionNorthwest HillsSettled1754Incorporated1761Villag...
American actor and comedian This biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.Find sources: Shayne Topp – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Shayne T...
2010 compilation album by MisonoCover Album 2カバALBUM2Compilation album by MisonoReleasedJanuary 27, 2010Recorded2010GenreJ-PopLabelAvex TraxCD (AVCD-23962)DigitalMisono chronology Cover Album(2009) Cover Album 2カバALBUM2(2010) Me(2010) Cover Album 2 (カバALBUM2, Kaba Arubamu Tsū) is the second cover album and third mini-album by Japanese soloist misono. The album was released only a few months after her last tribute album, Cover Album.[1] The album charted at #44 on ...
Government in North Africa Kingdom of the AurèsRegnum Aurasiumc. 484–703The approximate extent of the Kingdom of the Aurès around the time of the collapse of the Vandal KingdomCapitalArris(400s – 500s)Khenchela(600s – 700s)aCommon languagesBerber, African RomanceReligion ChristianityGovernmentMonarchyKing • c. 484 – c. 516 Masties• c. 516 – 539 Iabdas• 668–703 Dihya Historical eraMiddle Ages• Separation from the Western Roman Empire 429•...