1937年4月,YP-37首飛,創下在6100公尺高度達到時速547公里的紀錄。裝備渦輪增壓器與液冷引擎後,前機身的空間已經大部分被占用殆盡;因此引擎冷凝器移到兩翼翼根。但就外觀來看很明顯受限於機械結構,YP-37仍缺陷重重,不太可能服役使用;即便美國陸航仍持續投資,但寇廠另外以同樣理念設計出一款簡化版的機種,為P-36家族第十款衍生型機種,該機即為P-40。在1930年代末期完成測試的V-1710 C系列不僅輸出曲線穩定,其最大輸出達1000匹馬力標準,等同於P-36運用之R-1830系列,且汽缸數更少、正面投影面積也較小;根據寇廠初期計算,換用輸出動力相等卻又降低空氣阻力的液冷引擎飛機會比比裝設星型引擎的P-36增加5%的速度[2]。P-40由設計P-36的飛機工程師唐納文·瑞斯·柏林(英语:Don R. Berlin)(Don R. Berlin)負責,寇廠利用10架P-36的機身改裝,新機型於1938年10月14日在水牛城試飛[3],測試飛行員為寇帝斯試飛員愛德華·艾略特,首架試飛的XP-40引擎冷凝器配置設於後機身。
不過,XP-40的飛行表現實際上讓人大失所望,理論上能讓機體更為流線的液冷引擎卻被其它增加配件給拖累,導致XP-40極速只達到每小時507公里(315英里),大部分狀態的飛行極速只有482公里(300英里),與P-36極速相同,增加的呆重還讓XP-40失去P-36以往的靈活操作特性。但是,這架戰機繼承P-36的堅固設計仍得到陸軍航空隊戰鬥機計劃處辦公室( Fighter Projects Officer)副主任Benjamin S. Kelsey的護航,當時他向記者表示這架飛機極速未來仍有增加100英里(160公里)的潛力[4];雖然寇蒂斯的工程師已經在實施改善液冷散熱器開口的工程,但為了拯救這架飛機,Kelsey要求將XP-40實機拉進美國國家航空諮詢委員會的大型風洞測試,藉以評估如何優化氣動力構造、降低阻力。從1939年3月28日至1939年4月11日,XP-40在該地進行相關測試[5];同時間寇蒂斯工程師重新設計了液冷引擎的乙二醇散熱裝置,將這項零件移到了引擎下方,散熱器進氣口同時也整合入潤滑油冷卻裝置,減少進氣口帶來的阻力增加問題。在NACA的測試協助下,XP-40重新設計了起落架艙蓋、整合式排氣歧管,經過這些改良後,XP-40從威爾伯·懷特機場(英语:Wilbur Wright Field)飛回水牛城的寇蒂斯工廠時,實際飛行極速已經提高到每小時570公里(354英里),隨後該機通過測試開始量產;1939年12月測試時,P-40曾達到587公里(366英里)的極速。
第一架接受改造的戰斧IIA機體編號P-49 39-221,1941年出廠,代號XP-40G。後續有43架同型機接受改裝;這批機型有16架在1941年10月移交給蘇聯,其餘留在美國的同型機在之後被重新定名為為RP-40G,但這個R編號並不是代表偵查,是作戰運用限制(Restricted from combat use)
P-40L-1批次(產製50架)的燃油系統與硬體配備與P-40-F-5批次相同,自P-40L-5-CU批次起,P-40L實施部份的重量減輕調整;包括摘除2挺主翼機槍、機槍彈藥自原先單挺240-312發削減為201發、摘除翼前油箱減少31加侖內載燃料,實施後P-40L減輕了約250磅(113公斤)的機體重量;也因為只用拆裝備減重,故本型機被戲稱為吉普賽・羅斯・李(英语:Gypsy Rose Lee)-一位當代美國知名的脫衣舞孃。P-40L雖然精簡了一些重量,改善了部分加速性及爬升速度,但整體性能沒有顯著改善,標準型P-40L在標準優勢空域極速較F型時速快上4英里(6公里),並讓優勢空域提升到20,000英呎左右,有些極端一些的飛官還會要求繼續拆到只剩2挺機槍,這時候的P-40L極速可以592公里(368英里),這種極端版勉強可在優勢空域以內和1943年非洲戰場常見的Bf 109F/G互角。
雖然P-40N-1看似飛行性能改良幅度明顯,但是這已經是歐洲西線戰場二至三年前的主力機水準;盟軍側已有高性能的P-51D、P-47D、噴火Mk.VIII / IX / XIV等高性能戰機的時期,靠大幅度減重工程才獲此性能的P-40N-1仍舊只配擔任密接支援與低空戰術偵查等任務。問題是二線任務又不需要這樣子的空戰性能,低空偵查與轟炸掃場時又顯得性能過剩、裝備不足,最後P-40N-1該批次只生產400架,推出配發前線後使用者依然發出了與P-40L當時同樣的抗議:火力和裝甲不得減少、機載裝備和外掛能力是多多益善。導致N型後續批號又回到戰術密接支援為主的設計思維。
和其他戰場相較,中國戰場的P-40需要進行頻率較高的戰術支援任務,包括密接支援與物資破壞等對地任務。原先以空戰為主要任務的P-40,從1942年5月換裝P-40E起大舉改用於對地密接空中支援,標準作戰掛載是攜帶6枚35磅小型炸彈與機載機槍壓制軟性目標;但因中國戰區缺乏重型轟炸機與航空軍火之故,許多P-40實施現地野戰改裝整合國府庫存的俄製、甚至重型炸彈。陳納德所招募的地勤團隊將P-40的炸彈架硬點整合庫存的570磅俄製炸彈與1000磅美製炸彈,使這些不在原廠武裝項目中的掛載成為中國戰場的P-40增配武裝。因此美國駐華空軍第80戰鬥機聯隊(英语:80th Flying Training Wing)甚至有所謂的B-40-專門掛載重型炸彈對日占區橋梁等重要設施發動攻擊的戰鬥攻擊機。
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