需盔龍屬

需盔龙属
化石时期：侏儸紀晚期,155–152.9 Ma
▼
海氏需盔龍的正模標本骨架，位於休士頓自然科學博物館（英语：Houston Museum of Natural Science）
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目： 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目： 蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目： †蜥脚形亚目 Sauropodomorpha
下目： †蜥腳下目 Sauropoda
科： †梁龙科 Diplodocidae
亚科： †梁龙亚科 Diplodocinae
属： †需盔龙属 Galeamopus
Tschopp et al., 2015
模式種
†海氏梁龍
Diplodocus hayi
Holland, 1924
種
  • †海氏需盔龍 G. hayi
    (Holland, 1924)
  • †帕氏需盔龍 G. pabsti
    Tschopp & Mateus, 2017
異名
  • 海氏梁龍 Diplodocus hayi
    Holland, 1924

需盔龍（學名：Galeamopus）是一屬草食性蜥腳下目梁龍科恐龍。包含兩個已知物種：海氏需盔龍（G. hayi）來自美國懷俄明州莫里遜組下部侏羅紀晚期（啟莫里階約1.55億年前）地層，以及帕氏需盔龍（G. pabsti）來自侏羅紀晚期懷俄明州和科羅拉多州的化石。模式種所知來自保存最完整的梁龍科化石之一，一具幾乎完整的骨骼及連接的頭骨。

歷史

帕氏需盔龍正模標本的頭骨SMA 00011，暱稱為「Max」

需盔龍最初所知來自化石獵人William H. Utterback在靠近謝里登的紅叉粉河採石場A發現的部分骨骼。1906年，這具骨骼由William Jacob Holland在敘述期腦殼時歸入梁龍屬。[1]標本在1924年由Holland分類成梁龍的新種海氏梁龍（Diplodocus hayi），種名紀念Oliver Perry Hay。[2]

2015年由Emanuel Tschopp、Octávio Mateus和Roger Benson重新命名成分開的需盔龍屬，屬名由拉丁語galeam的賓格galea（「頭盔」）及opus（「需要」）組成，是將最初發現和敘述的兩位William的名字Wil-helm直接音譯成want helmet（「想要頭盔」），同時雙關了模式標本的易碎腦殼需要頭盔保護之意。[3]

屬完模標本編號HMNS 175（過去是CM 662）是最初的骨骼，發現於莫里遜組下部層位年代為啟莫里階。這也是海氏需盔龍（原海氏梁龍）的正模標本。其他多具標本被歸入需盔龍屬但非海氏需盔龍，包含AMNH 969標本，是由Peter Kaisen於1903年在懷俄明州骨棺採石場（英语：Bone Cabin Quarry）發現的近乎完整的頭骨，以及USNM 2673標本，是由Marshall P. Felch於1884年在科羅拉多州花園公園發現的部分頭骨。

SMA 0011標本是一個暱稱為「Max」的骨骼，於1995年6月在Howe-Stephens採石場發現，被認為與海氏種有很大的不同足以建立為新種。[3]2017年由Tschopp和Mateus將Max標本作為第二個種帕氏需盔龍的正模標本，種名紀念發現標本及協助架設阿薩爾恐龍博物館（英语：Aathal Dinosaur Museum）骨架的瑞士古生物學家Ben Pabst。[4]

敘述

辛辛那提博物館中心的帕氏需盔龍骨架

2015年的研究建立了7個獨有衍徵：頭骨背面的旁枕突側視呈彎曲狀、牙齒具成對的磨損面、第一節頸椎寰椎的神經棘向前和向內突起分開棘後翼、該後翼大部分長面有連續橫向變寬、寰椎椎弓底部每側都有一個小的三角形齒、第二節頸椎樞椎神經棘前緣有一個旋鈕狀凸起、中後段頸椎後關節突起間的稜脊（postzygapophyses）不超出椎弓後緣。[3]

帕氏需盔龍的頭部復原

該研究亦建立六個海氏需盔龍的獨有衍徵：頂骨形成頭顱後部和顱頂間邊緣的部分矮於枕骨大孔（英语：foramen magnum）、腦殼下側附帶的基翼突突起以超過60度角強烈分叉、尺骨長且最小長度等於肱骨的76%、橈骨與尺骨接觸面積有限且相對平滑、橈骨下側關節面相對於軸傾斜約15度、脛骨上面外緣形成一道壓力突位於脛脊後方。[3]

海氏需盔龍想像復原圖

綜合而言需盔龍具有13個獨有衍徵，正好是界定不同屬研究所需的最小值。[3]

分類

海氏需盔龍頭骨（AMNH 969）

以下演化樹來自Tschopp & Mateus（2017）：[4]

 梁龍科 
 迷惑龍亞科 
 
 

埃阿斯迷惑龍

 
 

路氏迷惑龍

 
 
 
 

秀麗雷龍

 
 
 

高雙腔龍

 
 
 

胸飾雷龍

 
 

小雷龍

 
 
 
 
 
 梁龍亞科 
 

塞氏小梁龍

 
 
 

非洲拖尼龍

 
 
 
 

勞爾哈超龍

 
 

薇薇安超龍

 
 
 
 

寬尾末梁龍

 
 
 
 

海氏需盔龍

 
 

帕氏需盔龍

 
 
 
 

大齋重龍

 
 
 

卡內基梁龍

 
 

哈氏梁龍

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

參考資料

  1. ^ Holland, W.J. The osteology of Diplodocus Marsh. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum. 1906, 2: 225–264. 
  2. ^ Holland WJ. The skull of Diplodocus. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum IX; 379–403 (1924).
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O. V.; Benson, R. B. J. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ. 2015, 3: e857. PMC 4393826 可免费查阅. PMID 25870766. doi:10.7717/peerj.857. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Emanuel Tschopp; Octávio Mateus. Osteology of Galeamopus pabsti sp. nov. (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae), with implications for neurocentral closure timing, and the cervico-dorsal transition in diplodocids. PeerJ. 2017, 5: e3179 [2020-08-24]. PMC 5417106 可免费查阅. PMID 28480132. doi:10.7717/peerj.3179. （原始内容存档于2021-05-07）. 

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