路易·尼古拉·达武

路易·尼古拉·達武
Louis-Nicolas Davout
根據克洛德·戈特罗英语Claude Gautherot的原作所繪之達武肖像
法蘭西帝國戰爭部長英语Minister of War (France)
任期
1815年3月20日—1815年7月9日
君主拿破崙一世
拿破崙二世
前任亨利·雅克·纪尧姆·克拉克英语Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke
继任洛朗·古維翁-聖西爾
華沙公國總督
任期
1807年7月15日—?
奧爾日河畔薩維尼市長
任期
1822年10月8日—1823年6月1日
个人资料
出生(1770-05-10)1770年5月10日
 法蘭西王國勃艮第阿努
逝世1823年6月1日(1823歲—06—01)(53歲)
法蘭西王國巴黎
墓地巴黎拉雪兹神父公墓
儿女8名
获奖法國榮譽軍團勳章
签名
军事背景
效忠 法蘭西王國
 法兰西王国
 法兰西第一共和国
 法兰西第一帝国
服役陸軍
服役时间1788年-1815年
军衔元帥
指挥
参战
參見列表:

路易·尼古拉·达武(法語:Louis Nicolas d'Avout发音:[lwi nikɔla davu];1770年5月10日—1823年6月1日),法国军人和政治人物,第一帝国元帅。先后受封奥尔施泰特公爵(1st Duke of Auerstaedt)及埃克米爾亲王(1st Prince of Eckmühl)。富于韬略,军纪严苛,因而昵称铁帅(The Iron Marshal)。與馬塞納蘇爾特並列為軍中三傑。

法國大革命戰爭

达武出生于勃艮地阿努的貴族家庭,祖上是悠久的軍人世家。15歲時就讀於巴黎一所軍事學院,與拿破崙就讀的軍事學院相同,但達烏入學時,拿破崙已於數周前畢業。1788年達武分派至於香檳行省的皇家騎兵團擔任軍官,次年法國大革命爆發,期間他因為對革命表達支持,而被解職並入獄數周。1790年復職並率領他的聯隊參加擁護大革命的起義。

1791年任中校营长,1793年3月於下溫登戰役,立下戰功。當時指揮萊茵軍團的迪穆里埃將軍立場傾向保王黨,意圖背叛國民公會政府並與奧軍談判,迪穆里埃試圖說服身為營長的達武跟隨他,但作為堅定的共和派,達武嚴詞拒絕了他,並與部下平息這場可能的叛亂,事後被提拔為准將。但恐怖統治時期的極端政策,具舊貴族身分的軍官不得於軍隊任職,達武因而被迫解職。

直到隔年,達武才以准将军衔在莱茵军团指挥一个骑兵旅(1794-1797年),並指揮了一系列對奧地利的大膽進攻,受德赛将军讚賞,兩人也成為摯友。在德賽將軍的推荐之下,得以結識拿破仑,但當時拿破崙對他的第一印象不怎麼好,在他看來達武“冷漠、邋遢且笨拙”,拿破崙私底下還稱其為“該死的野蠻人”。但拿破崙還是選擇相信德賽的識人之明,達武於1798年加入埃及远征军。儘管達武於抵達開羅不久便染上痢疾,但他還是幫助拿破崙贏得攻取上埃及的一系列戰鬥,取得 第一次阿布基爾戰役页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)在內的數場勝利,後他隨拿破崙返回法國。

1800年6月马伦哥战役後,拿破仑於7月3日提拔達武成為少将,受命指挥意大利军团的骑兵。1801年7月升任骑兵总监和近卫军指挥官。在拿破崙的牽線下,達武迎娶了拿破崙妹妹波利娜·波拿巴的小姑—愛梅·勒克雷爾(Aimée Leclerc),二人的婚姻相當美滿。而達武也順勢成為拿破崙的心腹將領之一。

拿破崙戰爭

1803年達武於布魯日訓練軍隊,為準備入侵英國作準備,他對部下施以相當嚴苛的訓練,但同時也相當照顧士兵的福利,期間達武開除了許多不符合他要求的軍官。拿破仑登基后,1804年5月19日,达武以34歲之齡被晋升为帝國元帅,是最為年輕的元帥,同時身兼近卫军司令,指挥大軍團的第三军团。這個決定出乎人們的意料,因為達武在此之前尚未指揮過旅級以上的大部隊,其中他的摯友德賽、舅子勒克萊爾將軍的早逝可能也為他的仕途掃除了障礙。

1805年第三次反法同盟期間,在奧斯特利茨战役前夕,達武率第三军团2天內急行军70哩,於黎明前抵達戰場支援法軍偏弱的右翼,首当其冲面对反法同盟联军的攻击,成功抵擋聯軍的進攻,並為拿破崙奪取普拉欽高地爭取了寶貴時間,最后和其他法军夹击左翼联军,将其彻底击溃。

1806年第四次反法同盟期間,在對普鲁士的戰爭中,拿破崙於耶拿戰役誤以為擊敗普軍主力,期間达武奉命切斷普軍退路,卻於距耶拿附近10哩的奥尔施泰特遭遇普軍真正的主力,在貝爾納多特的第一軍未能趕來支援情況下,達武遂沉著應戰,第三軍團僅兩萬六千人,面對有著六萬三千人普魯士主力軍,顯得寡不敵眾,但達武靈活調動部隊,使拘泥於線式戰術的普軍損失慘重,達武遂於奥尔施泰特战役击败普魯士主力军,普軍司令布伦瑞克受重伤戰死。達武率領的第三軍團獲得率先進入柏林的殊榮。历史学家弗朗索瓦-乌尔图勒写道: "在耶拿,拿破仑赢得了輸不了的戰役。在奥尔施塔特,达武赢得了贏不了的戰役"。

次年達武於埃勞戰役(Eylau, 1807)戰役中同樣有著出色表現,面對俄軍的猛烈進攻,他的部隊曾試圖向後撤退,達武為鼓舞士氣說道:“懦夫將死於西伯利亞,唯有勇者能光榮戰死沙場!”成功穩住軍心,並迫使俄軍於該晚撤退。1807年7月达武被封为华沙大公国军政总督,由于他对波兰人的重税和镇压,人民对他很仇视,1808年3月拿破仑封他为奥尔施塔特公爵。次年參與埃克米爾戰役(Eckmühl, 1809)和瓦格拉姆(Wagram, 1809)諸戰役,屢建奇功。1809年達武於埃克米爾戰役中險些被奧軍包圍,最終殺出包圍並成功與主力會合。8月15日達武被拿破仑封为埃克米爾亲王。儘管戰功彪炳,但達武不是一個受歡迎的人,其他元帥常被達武的優越感及率直的性格惹怒。

1812年拿破仑入侵俄罗斯,达武任易北河第一军团指挥官,在战争失败撤退时未能及时救援内伊元帅被撤职。1813年重新担任第一军团军长,后改任第十三军团军长,1814年拿破仑皇帝退位后引退。

波旁復辟與百日王朝

在拿破仑百日統治期間,他是少數願意迎接拿破崙歸來的元帥,3月20日-7月8日他出任陸軍大臣兼巴黎防卫总司令(6月21-7月8日),他对拿破仑忠心耿耿,波旁王朝复辟后,他要求联军不追究皇帝以及追随他的将领们,但路易十八并未遵守诺言,达武被剥夺贵族称号,监管流放至卢维耶。1819年3月,由于乌迪诺元帅求情,他被恢复贵族称号。

在1822年达武当选埃松省奧爾日河畔萨维尼市市长,为期一年。他的儿子路易-拿破仑也是市长,从1843年至1846年。市中一个主要广场以他命名,1823年6月1日达武在巴黎病逝。

参考资料

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