萨那

萨那
صنعاء‎ / Ṣanʿāʾ
順時鐘方向
沙那老城區天際線、老城區、葉門國家博物館、葉門城門、 薩利赫清真寺
萨那在葉門的位置
萨那
萨那
在也门的位置
坐标:15°21′N 44°12′E / 15.35°N 44.2°E / 15.35; 44.2
国家 葉門
行政区域Amanat Al Asimah
政府
 • 类型地方性
海拔7,380 英尺(2,250 公尺)
人口(2012)
 • 城市3,937,451人
 • 都會區4,167,961
时区GMT+3

萨那(阿拉伯语:صَنْعَاء‎,羅馬化Ṣanʿāʾ阿拉伯語發音:[sˤɑnʕaːʔ]也门阿拉伯语发音:[ˈsˤɑnʕɑ]),也门共和国法定首都,也是萨那省首府,2012年城市人口约393万。萨那位於海拔2,300米(7,500英尺)的高原上,距離亞丁320公里。最早的文獻記載是在1世紀。1962年至1990年間為阿拉伯也门共和国首都。

由于萨那独特的建筑特色,尤其引人注目的是它由几何图案装饰的多层建筑物,萨那的舊城區在1984年被列入世界文化遺產名錄[1][2]

爆發2014-15年葉門政變葉門內戰後,胡希武裝攻陷沙那,葉門政府從沙那遷都至亞丁

行政区划

当地一般将城市分成两大部分:老城区(al-Qadeemah)和新城(al-Jadid)。前者面积较小,保留城市古老的文化遗产,保存老的商业生活方式,而新城则是由郊区城市化扩张而来,多为现代建筑。新城于20世纪60年代起开始扩张。

气候

萨那属于沙漠气候,但相对较潮湿,平均年降水量约200毫米。由于当地海拔较高,城市气温比阿拉伯半岛的其他地区相比要明显低,一年最高温度平均为23.42摄氏度,最底温度平均为10.93摄氏度。事实上,当地的气温年变化幅度不大,1月气温相对最低,7月最高。不过冬季当地的部分地区可能出现−8°C的低温。霜冻通常发生在初冬的早晨。

萨那 (2250 m)
月份 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 全年
平均高温 °C(°F) 19.8
(67.6)
20.2
(68.4)
22.8
(73.0)
25.5
(77.9)
26.0
(78.8)
27.1
(80.8)
27.7
(81.9)
25.9
(78.6)
23.7
(74.7)
22.0
(71.6)
20.7
(69.3)
19.7
(67.5)
23.4
(74.2)
平均低温 °C(°F) 5.1
(41.2)
8.0
(46.4)
9.7
(49.5)
11.5
(52.7)
13.6
(56.5)
15.8
(60.4)
16.7
(62.1)
16.3
(61.3)
12.4
(54.3)
9.1
(48.4)
6.8
(44.2)
6.2
(43.2)
10.9
(51.7)
平均降水量 mm(英寸) 0.0
(0.0)
2.0
(0.08)
9.9
(0.39)
14.7
(0.58)
4.7
(0.19)
17.8
(0.70)
49.9
(1.96)
63.6
(2.50)
24.0
(0.94)
7.5
(0.30)
4.4
(0.17)
0.0
(0.0)
198.5
(7.81)
数据来源:国家气象局

文化

萨那古城
世界遗产
萨那古城
官方名稱Old City of Sana'a(英文)
Vieille ville de Sana'a(法文)
位置 葉門阿拉伯国家
標準文化:(iv)(v)(vi)
参考编码385
登录年份1986年(第10屆會議
列为濒危2015年至今

世界遗产

萨那的老城区于1986年列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录,登录区包括11世纪前建造的103座清真寺、14座哈玛姆寺和6,000间会所。7世纪和8世纪期间,当地是伊斯兰教的主要传播地区。

该世界遗产被认为满足世界遺產登錄基準中的以下基準而予以登錄:

  • (iv)关于呈现人类历史重要阶段的建筑类型,或者建筑及技术的组合,或者景观上的卓越典范。
  • (v)代表某一个或数个文化的人类传统聚落或土地使用,提供出色的典范-特别是因为难以抗拒的历史潮流而处于消灭危机的场合。
  • (vi)具有显著普遍价值的事件、活的传统、理念、信仰、艺术及文学作品,有直接或实质的连结(世界遗产委员会认为该基准应最好与其他基准共同使用)。

体育

足球是当地最流行的运动,城市拥有一个可以容纳25,000人的体育场。也门国家足球队也成立于此。

人口

年份 人口
1911 18,000[3]
1921 25,000[4]
1931 25,000
1940 80,000
1963 100,000
1965 110,000
1975 134,600[5]
1981 280,000
1986 427,505
1994 954,448
2001 1,590,624
2004 1,748,000 (Census-Metro[6])
2005 1,937,451[7]

20世纪60年代开始,萨那经历人口膨胀的过程。原因为大量的农村人口迁移到城市,寻找就业机会来改善生活水准[8]。萨那是世界上人口增速最快的首都之一 ,增速达7%[9],而也门的全国人口平均增长率为3.2%[10]。当地10%的人口居住在老城区,其他人居住在老城外围[8]

交通

姐妹城市

参考资料

  1. ^ Young, T. Luke. Conservation of the Old Walled City of Sana'a Republic of Yemen. MIT. [2012-07-04]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-03). 
  2. ^ Anna Hestler; Jo-Ann Spilling. Yemen. Marshall Cavendish. 1 January 2010: 16 [23 November 2010]. ISBN 978-0-7614-4850-1. (原始内容存档于2014-09-29). 
  3. ^ Wavell, p.245.
  4. ^ Statesman's Year Book页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 1922, p.1367.
  5. ^ Hestler, p.56.
  6. ^ Aldosari, p.134.
  7. ^ Bosworth, p.463.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Ring and Salkin, p.631.
  9. ^ Sana'a running out of water with no plan to save it. The Global Urbanist. [23 March 2010]. (原始内容存档于2011-08-25). 
  10. ^ At a glance: Yemen – Statistics. UNICEF. [2012-07-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-09). 

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