格陵兰语

格陵兰语
kalaallisut
母语国家和地区 格陵兰
区域北美洲
母语使用人数
57,000 (2007)[1]
語系
方言
东格陵兰语
极地因纽特语(北格陵兰语)
官方地位
作为官方语言 格陵兰
承认少数语言 丹麦
管理机构格陵兰语言秘书处
語言代碼
ISO 639-1kl
ISO 639-2kal
ISO 639-3kal
ELPKalaallisut
瀕危程度
联合国教科文组织认定的瀕危語言[2]
脆弱UNESCO

格陵兰语Kalaallisut),是爱斯基摩-阿留申语系中的一门语言,大约有五万七千使用者[3],大多数为居住在格陵兰格陵蘭因紐特人。此语言跟包括伊努克提圖特語在内的加拿大的因纽特诸语言关系紧密。它是爱斯基摩-阿留申语系人数最多的语言,為格陵蘭的官方語言。

格陵兰语的主要变体为西格陵兰语Kalaallisut,或直接称为格陵兰语),此变体自2009年6月起成为格陵兰自治区域内的官方语言。格陵兰政府旨在以这个举动来强化格陵兰语跟其殖民语言丹麦语的竞争。格陵兰语的第二个变体为东格陵兰语(tunumiisut格陵蘭語tunumiusut)。格陵兰北部图勒因纽特人讲的极地因纽特语(Inuktun格陵蘭語avanersuarmiutut,又称北格陵兰语)是最后到达格陵兰的,为伊努克提圖特語的一门方言。

格陵兰语是一种多式综合语,它可以通过把词根跟各种後綴结合在一起而组成一个长的单词。

历史

因紐特各語言分布圖

格陵兰语是由图勒人在13世纪带到格陵兰的。在图勒人到来之前的薩卡克文化多尔塞特文化时期在格陵兰讲什么语言不太清楚。

最早对格陵兰语的描述是在17世纪时。随着18世纪初期丹麦传教士的到来以及丹麦对格陵兰殖民的开始,词典的编纂以及语法描述也相应开始了。传教士在1750年编写了第一部格陵兰语词典,1760年编写了第一部语法书。[4]

从18世纪丹麦殖民到1979年格陵兰开始自治,格陵兰语持续受到丹麦语的压力。在1950年代丹麦的语言政策旨在强化丹麦语的地位。其中最重要的做法是小学之后的教育以及官方事务都是通过丹麦语来进行的。[5]

从1851年到1973年,格陵兰语是用一套由传教士语言学家修订的复杂的正字法来书写。由于口语形式变化很大,1973年引进了一套新的正字法来把书面语靠近口语标准。改革非常有效,之后的多年内格陵兰的识字率大幅提高。[5]

另一个强化格陵兰语的发展趋势是自1979年自治后格陵兰社会的“格陵兰化”政策。这项政策把格陵兰语作为教育中的官方语言,来抵消之前把格陵兰语边缘化的趋势。把格陵兰语作为小学教育中的唯一语言这个事实意味着在格陵兰的单一丹麦语家庭把自己的孩子培养成丹麦语和格陵兰语双语者[6]。现在有几家专门的格陵兰语媒体。格陵蘭廣播公司提供格陵兰语的电视和广播节目。此外还有一家格陵兰语出版社。[7][8]

在2009年6月之前,格陵兰语与丹麦语共同为格陵兰的官方语言。但在之后格陵兰语则成为唯一的官方语言。这使得格陵兰语成为美洲原住民語言中的独特例子:由法律认定的半独立地区的唯一官方语言。尽管如此,联合国教科文组织濒危语言红皮书还是把格陵兰语列为“脆弱”的濒危程度。格陵兰有100%的识字率。由于西格陵兰语作为标准形式已成为主导语言,教科文组织的一份报告把其它方言列为濒危,现在在考虑如何保护东格陵兰方言的措施。

范例

格陵兰语《世界人权宣言》第一条:

Inuit tamarmik inunngorput nammineersinnaassuseqarlutik assigiimmillu ataqqinassuseqarlutillu pisinnaatitaaffeqarlutik. Silaqassusermik tarnillu nalunngissusianik pilersugaapput, imminnullu iliorfigeqatigiittariaqaraluarput qatanngutigiittut peqatigiinnerup anersaavani.

对应的中文翻译:

人人生而自由,在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们赋有理性和良心,并应以兄弟关系的精神相对待。

參考文獻

  1. ^ 格陵兰语于《民族语》的链接(第18版,2015年)
  2. ^ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger, UNESCO
  3. ^ Lewis, M. Paul; Gary F. Simons; Charles D. Fennig (编). Ethnologue: Languages of the World 18th. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. 2015. 
  4. ^ Rischel, Jørgen. grønlandsk. Den Store Danske. 2016-08-18 [2021-01-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-12) (丹麦语). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Goldbach & Winther-Jensen (1988)
  6. ^ Iutzi-Mitchell & Nelson H. H. Graburn (1993)
  7. ^ Michael Jones, Kenneth Olwig. 2008. Nordic Landscapes: Region and Belonging on the Northern Edge of Europe. U of Minnesota Press, 2008, p. 133
  8. ^ Louis-Jacques Dorais. 2010. The Language of the Inuit: Syntax, Semantics, and Society in the Arctic. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, p. 208-9

参考书目

延伸閱讀

  • Fortescue, M. D. (1990). From the writings of the Greenlanders = Kalaallit atuakkiaannit. [Fairbanks, Alaska]: University of Alaska Press. ISBN 978-0-912006-43-7

參閲

外部链接

Read other articles:

Untuk other orang dengan nama yang sama, lihat Meyer Shapiro (disambiguasi). Rabbi Meir ShapiroPosisiRosh yeshivaYeshivaChachmei Lublin YeshivaMulai1930Berakhir1933Lain-lainRabi Galina, Sanok, dan PietrokovPenjelasan pribadiNama lahirYehuda Meir ShapiroLahir3 Maret 1887Shatz, Austria-Hungaria (kini Rumania)[1]Wafat27 Oktober 1933(1933-10-27) (umur 46)Lublin, PolandiaDimakamkanLublin, Polandia; kemudian dikebumikan ulang di Yerusalem, IsraelKewarganegaraanPolandiaDenominasiOr...

 

Basilika Ziarah NegaraBasilika Minor Tempat Ziarah Bunda Maria dari KesalehanPortugis: Igreja Nova das Romarias no Santuário Nossa Senhora da Piedadecode: pt is deprecated Basilika Ziarah NegaraLokasiCaetéNegara BrasilDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusBasilika minorStatus fungsionalAktif Basilika Ziarah Negara (Portugis: Igreja Nova das Romarias no Santuário Nossa Senhora da Piedadecode: pt is deprecated ) adalah sebuah gereja basilika minor Katolik yang terletak di Caeté,...

 

Jenghis KhanKha Khan Kekaisaran MongoliaDari permulaan yang biasa dan pasukan suku yang berjumlah kecil, Jenghis Khan menjadi orang yang paling berpengaruh dan ditakuti di seluruh Asia.Khan Agung Kekaisaran MongolBerkuasa1206–1227Penobatan1206 pada khurultai di Sungai Onon, MongoliaPenerusÖgedei KhanInformasi pribadiKelahirank. 1162Pegunungan Khentii, Khamag MongolKematian25 Agustus 1227 (usia 65)Prefektur Xingqing, Xia BaratWangsaBorjiginNama lengkap Jenghis Khan (nama lahir: Temüjin)tul...

Electric symbol A constant-current diode is an electronic device that limits current to a maximal specified value for the device. It is known as a current-limiting diode (CLD) or current-regulating diode (CRD). Internal structure It consists of an n-channel JFET with the gate shorted to the source, which functions like a two-terminal current limiter (analogous to a voltage-limiting Zener diode). It allows a current through it to rise to a certain value, but not higher. Note that some devices ...

 

Free trade agreement USMCA redirects here. For the geographic code, see UN/LOCODE:USMCA. For the air branch of the United States Marine Corps, see United States Marine Corps Aviation. Agreement between the United States of America, the United Mexican States, and CanadaUnited States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) (American English)Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) (Canadian English)Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá (T-MEC) (Spanish)Accord Canad...

 

TV series or program Jihad: A Story of the OthersDirected byDeeyah KhanStarring Abu Muntasir Alyas Karmani Munir Zamir Usama Hasan Shahid Butt Yasmin Mulbocus Country of originUnited Kingdom / NorwayOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducers Darin Prindle Andrew Smith CinematographyNeil HarveyEditorKevin ThomasRunning time50 minutesOriginal releaseRelease15 June 2015 (2015-06-15) Jihad: A Story of the Others is a 2015 documentary film by Norwegian director Deeyah Khan. The fi...

State electoral district of New South Wales, Australia BlacktownNew South Wales—Legislative AssemblyInteractive map of district boundaries from the 2023 state electionStateNew South WalesCreated1941MPStephen BaliPartyLabor PartyNamesakeBlacktownElectors55,013 (2019)Area33.03 km2 (12.8 sq mi)DemographicOuter metropolitan Electorates around Blacktown: Londonderry Riverstone RiverstoneWinston Hills Mount Druitt Blacktown Winston HillsProspect Badgerys Creek Prospect Prospec...

 

Orazione in difesa di Marco TullioTitolo originalePro Marco Tullio AutoreMarco Tullio Cicerone 1ª ed. originale69 a.C. Genereorazione Sottogeneredifensiva Lingua originalelatino Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale L'Oratio pro Marco Tullio (Orazione in difesa di Marco Tullio), meglio nota semplicemente come Pro Marco Tullio o Pro Tullio, è un discorso giudiziario pronunciato nel 71 a.C. dall'oratore romano Marco Tullio Cicerone. Dopo aver esercitato la questura in Sicilia presso Lilib...

 

追晉陸軍二級上將趙家驤將軍个人资料出生1910年 大清河南省衛輝府汲縣逝世1958年8月23日(1958歲—08—23)(47—48歲) † 中華民國福建省金門縣国籍 中華民國政党 中國國民黨获奖 青天白日勳章(追贈)军事背景效忠 中華民國服役 國民革命軍 中華民國陸軍服役时间1924年-1958年军衔 二級上將 (追晉)部队四十七師指挥東北剿匪總司令部參謀長陸軍�...

Fictional gospel rapper This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may need clearer distinction between fact and fiction. Please r...

 

British politician (1949–2005) The Right HonourableMo MowlamOfficial portrait, 1999Minister for the Cabinet OfficeChancellor of the Duchy of LancasterIn office11 October 1999 – 7 June 2001Prime MinisterTony BlairPreceded byJack CunninghamSucceeded byThe Lord MacDonald of TradestonSecretary of State for Northern IrelandIn office3 May 1997 – 11 October 1999Prime MinisterTony BlairPreceded byPatrick MayhewSucceeded byPeter MandelsonMember of Parliamentfor RedcarIn office1...

 

Country music radio station in St. Petersburg, Florida, United States WQYK-FMSt. Petersburg, FloridaBroadcast areaTampa, FloridaFrequency99.5 MHz (HD Radio)Branding99.5 QYKProgrammingFormatCountrySubchannelsHD2: Country NuTune CountryOwnershipOwnerBeasley Broadcast Group(Beasley Media Group Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsWPBB, WJBR, WLLD, WRBQ-FM, WYUUHistoryFirst air dateMay 1958 (1958-05) (as WTCX)Former call signsWTCX (1958–1972)Call sign meaningtribute to former sister station W...

Aksesibilitas (atau keteraksesan, ketercapaian) adalah derajat kemudahan dicapai oleh orang, terhadap suatu objek, pelayanan ataupun lingkungan. Dalam pengertian yang lain bahwa aksesibilitas merupakan ukuran kemudahan lokasi untuk dijangkau dari lokasi lainnya melalui sistem transportasi. Ukuran keterjangkauan atau aksesibilitas meliputi kemudahan waktu, biaya, dan usaha dalam melakukan perpindahan antar tempat-tempat atau kawasan.[1] Kemudahan akses tersebut diimplementasikan pada b...

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Anopliomorpha rinconium Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Genus: Anopliomorpha Spesies: Anopliomorpha rinconium Anopliomorpha rinconium adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang ya...

 

Частина серії проФілософіяLeft to right: Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Buddha, Confucius, AverroesПлатонКантНіцшеБуддаКонфуційАверроес Філософи Епістемологи Естетики Етики Логіки Метафізики Соціально-політичні філософи Традиції Аналітична Арістотелівська Африканська Близькосхідна іранська Буддій�...

Musical form and a music genre typical of Spain and parts of Latin America This article is about the dance. For other uses, see Fandango (disambiguation). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fandango is a lively partner dance originating in Portugal and Spain, usually in triple meter, tradition...

 

County in Washington, United States County in WashingtonKitsap CountyCountyKitsap County CourthouseLocation within the U.S. state of WashingtonWashington's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 47°38′N 122°39′W / 47.64°N 122.65°W / 47.64; -122.65Country United StatesState WashingtonFoundedJanuary 16, 1857Named forChief KitsapSeatPort OrchardLargest cityBremertonArea • Total566 sq mi (1,470 km2) • Land395 sq&#...

 

Women participating in military activities Female soldiers redirects here. For female child soldiers, see girl soldiers. This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2018) Possibility or obligation of women to serve in their countries' military. (2024)   Service voluntary for both men and women   Conscription for both men and women   Selective conscription for both men and wom...

American military installation This article is about the United States Marine Corps installation. For the town of the same name, see Quantico, Virginia. Quantico Station redirects here. For the train station, see Quantico station. Marine Corps Base QuanticoQuantico, Virginia in the United StatesThe Capital Marine Detachment, Marine Corps League, presents the 32nd annual USMC Enlisted Awards Parade and Presentation at MCB Quantico in 2014MCB QuanticoShow map of Northern VirginiaMCB Quanti...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Southampton (homonymie). Southampton Héraldique Administration Pays Royaume-Uni Nation Angleterre Comté Hampshire Statut Cité relevant d’une autorité locale unique (1964) Maire Peter Baillie[1] Code postal SO14-SO19 Démographie Population 253 651 hab.[2] (2011) Densité 4 928 hab./km2 Population de l'aire urbaine 1 547 000 hab. (2010) Géographie Coordonnées 50° 54′ 54″ nord, 1° 23′ ...