对偶空间

线性代数
向量 · 向量空间 · 基底  · 行列式  · 矩阵

數學裡,任何向量空間V都有其對應的對偶向量空間(或簡稱為對偶空間),由V線性泛函組成。此對偶空間俱有一般向量空間的結構,像是向量加法及純量乘法。由此定義的對偶空間也可稱之為代數對偶空間。在拓撲向量空間的情況下,由連續的線性泛函組成的對偶空間則稱之為連續對偶空間。

对偶空間是 row vector ()與 column vector ()的關係的抽象化。這個結構能夠在無限維度空間進行並為测度,分佈希爾伯特空間提供重要的觀點。对偶空間的應用是泛函分析理論的特徵。傅立叶變換亦內蘊对偶空間的概念。


代數对偶空间

為 在上的向量空間,定義其对偶空間為由的所有線性函數的集合。 即是的標量線性變換。本身是向量空間,並且對所有中的、所有中的、所有中的滿足以下加法及標量乘法:

張量的語言中,的元素被稱為反變或逆變(contravariant)向量,而的元素被稱為共變或協變(covariant)向量、「餘向量」或「同向量」(co-vectors),「线性型」或「1-形式」(one-form)。

例子

如果是有限維的,的維度和V的維度便相等; 如果的基,便應該有相對基,記作:

如果是平面幾何向量的空間,便是一組組的平行線。我們能從平行線應用到任何向量產生一個標量。

如果是無限維度,不能產生的基;而的維度比的大。

例如空間的元素是實數列,其擁有很多非零數字。的雙對空間是所有實數數列的空間。這些數列被用於元素而產生

線性映射的轉置

是線性映射。 轉置定義為

對任何向量空間,定義為所有從的線性映射組成的向量空間。產生從單射;這是個同構若且唯若是有限維的。

若 線性映射f表示作其對的基之矩陣 ,則表示作其對的對偶基之轉置矩陣。 若是另一線性映射,則

范畴論的語言裡,為任何向量空間取對偶為任何線性映射取轉置都是向量空間范畴逆變函子

雙線性乘積及对偶空間

正如所見,如果擁有有限維度,是同構的,但是该同構并不自然;它是依賴于我们开始所用的的基。事實上,任意同構上定義了一個唯一的非退化的雙線性型:

相反地從每個在有限維空間中的非退化的雙線性積可以产生由映射到的同構。

到雙对偶空間内的單射

存在一個由到其雙对偶的自然映射,定義為

常是單射;当且仅当的維數有限時,是個同構。

連續對偶空間

處理拓撲向量空間時,我们一般僅對該空間射到其基域的連續線性泛函感興趣。由此導致連續對偶空間之概念,此乃其代數對偶空間之一子空間。向量空間之連續對偶記作′。此脈絡下可逕稱連續對偶為對偶

線性賦範向量空間(如一巴拿赫空間或一希爾伯特空間)之連續對偶產生一線性賦範向量空間。對一上之連續線性泛函,其範數定義為

此法變一連續對偶為一線性賦範向量空間,實為巴拿赫空間。

例子

對任意有限維之線性賦範向量空間拓撲向量空間,正如歐幾里得空間,其連續與代數對偶不二。

為實數,並考慮所有序列構成之巴拿赫空間l p,使其範數

有限。以定義其連續對偶遂自然等同於:給定一元素中相應元素為序列 ,其中謂第項為1且餘項皆0之序列。反之,給定一元素上相應之連續線性泛函定為(對一切,見Hölder不等式)。

準此,之連續對偶亦自然同構於。再者,巴拿赫空間(賦以上確界範數之全體收斂序列)及中收斂至零者)之連續對偶皆自然同構於

進一步的性質

希爾伯特空間,則其連續對偶亦然,並反同構於;此即是里斯表示定理的陳述,同時也啟發了量子力學之數學描述時所用的狄拉克符號

類似雙重代數對偶,對連續線性算子亦有連續單射,此映射實為等距同構,即 對一切皆真。使雙射之空間稱自反空间

連續對偶賦以一新拓撲,稱之為弱拓撲

V之對偶可分,則亦可分。反之則不然:考慮空間,則其對偶不可分。

引用

Read other articles:

Allison WilliamsWilliams saat diwawancarai di Washington Square Park, New York City, Juli 2012Lahir13 April 1988 (umur 35)Hartford, Connecticut, A.S.PendidikanYale UniversityPekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif2004–sekarangPasanganRicky Van Veen (tunangan)Orang tuaBrian WilliamsJane Gillan Stoddard Allison Williams (lahir 13 April 1988)[1] adalah aktris, pelawak, dan musisi Amerika Serikat. Ia memerankan Marnie Michaels di seri komedi-drama Girls. Kehidupan awal Williams lahir di H...

 

 

The Right HonourableAnna SoubryMP Juru Bicara Independent Group untukUrusan BrexitPetahanaMulai menjabat 1 Maret 2019PemimpinHeidi Allen (pelaksana tugas)Menteri Usaha Kecil, Industri, dan PerusahaanMasa jabatan11 Mei 2015 – 15 Juli 2016Perdana MenteriDavid CameronMenteri NegaraSajid Javid PendahuluMatt HancockPenggantiMargot JamesMenteri Personil Pertahanan, Kesejahteraan, dan VeteranMasa jabatan14 Juli 2014 – 11 Mei 2015Perdana MenteriDavid CameronMenteri NegaraMic...

 

 

Santo OnesiforusMeninggalPariumDihormati diGereja Katolik RomaGereja Ortodoks TimurPesta6 September (Katolik)7 September (Ortodoks) Onesiforus (yang artinya membawa keuntungan atau berguna) adalah seorang Kristen yang disebut dalam Surat 2 Timotius (2 Tim 1:16-18 dan 2 Tim 4:19) di Perjanjian Baru. Menurut surat tersebut, yang dikirim oleh St. Paulus, Onesiforus mencari Paulus yang dipenjarakan ketika berada di Roma. Kehidupan Sostenes, Apolos, Kefas, Tikhikus, Epafroditus, Sesarius, dan Ones...

70th Anti-Aircraft Artillery DivisionActiveOctober 1943–c. 1950sCountrySoviet UnionBranchRed Army (later Soviet Army)TypeAnti-Aircraft ArtilleryMilitary unit The 70th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division (Russian: 70-я зенитная артиллерийская дивизия) was an anti-aircraft artillery division of the Soviet Union's Red Army (later the Soviet Army) during World War II and the early postwar period. Formed in the Volga Military District in late 1943, the division was mov...

 

 

Bahasa LangitAlbum studio karya Ebiet G. AdeDirilis28 November 2001GenrePopjazzOrkestraLabelPT BMG Music Kama RecordsKronologi Ebiet G. Ade Balada Sinetron Cinta (2000)Balada Sinetron Cinta2000 Bahasa Langit (2001) In Love: 25th Anniversary (2007)In Love: 25th Anniversary2007 Bahasa Langit merupakan salah satu album Ebiet G. Ade. Album ini dirilis pada November 2001 oleh PT BMG Music. Dalam album ini, Ebiet terus mempertahankan warna musiknya dan mengatakan album ini sebagai perenungan te...

 

 

Parathion Names Preferred IUPAC name O,O-Diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate Other names E605 Identifiers CAS Number 56-38-2 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image Beilstein Reference 2059093 ChEBI CHEBI:27928 N ChEMBL ChEMBL261919 Y ChemSpider 13844817 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.000.247 EC Number 200-271-7 KEGG C06604 Y PubChem CID 991 RTECS number TF4550000 UNII 61G466064D Y UN number 3018 2783 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID7021100 InChI InChI=1S/C10H14NO5PS/c1-...

Doha Grand PrixGrand Prix Sepeda MotorTempatLosail International CircuitLomba pertama2021Terbanyak menang(pengendara)Fabio Quartararo (1)Terbanyak menang(pabrikan)Yamaha (1) Grand Prix Sepeda Motor Doha adalah acara balap motor satu kali yang diperkenalkan selama Grand Prix Sepeda Motor musim 2021 sebagai tanggapan terhadap pandemi COVID-19.[1][2] Nama resmi dan sponsor 2021: TISSOT Grand Prix of Doha Pemenang Tahun Trek Moto3 Moto2 MotoGP Laporan Pembalap Pabrikan Pembalap Pa...

 

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Bile (homonymie). Cet article est une ébauche concernant la biologie. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Le cycle entéro-hépatique de la bile ou cycle biliaire de Schiff La bile[1] est un liquide biologique jaune-verdâtre, légèrement basique (pH compris entre 7,6 et 8,6[2]) qui favorise la digestion, plus spécifiquement celle des lipides. Elle est sécrétée...

 

 

British physicist, engineer and mathematician (1824–1907) For other people named William Thomson, see William Thomson (disambiguation). The Right HonourableThe Lord KelvinOM GCVO PC PRS FRSEKelvin, c. 1900, by T. & R. Annan & SonsPresident of the Royal SocietyIn office1 December 1890 – 30 November 1895Preceded bySir George StokesSucceeded byThe Lord Lister Personal detailsBorn(1824-06-26)26 June 1824Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelan...

National association football team This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Argentina national under-17 football team – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Argentina Under-17Nickname(s)Albicelestes (White and Sky Blue)Associatio...

 

 

Venezuelan airline Avior Airlines IATA ICAO Callsign 9V ROI AVIOR FoundedSeptember 3, 1994Commenced operationsJune 30, 1995HubsGeneral José Antonio Anzoátegui International AirportSecondary hubsSimón Bolívar International AirportFrequent-flyer programAviorPlusSubsidiaries Avior Airlines Perú[1] Pariana de Aviación Fleet size10Destinations12HeadquartersBarcelona, VenezuelaKey people Jorge Añez Dager (CEO) Jose Sulbaran (President) Founders Luis Añez Dager Rafael Ciarcia Walo Em...

 

 

Italian composer Tarquinio MerulaBackground informationBorn(1595-11-24)24 November 1595Busseto, ItalyDied10 December 1665(1665-12-10) (aged 70)Cremona, ItalyGenresBaroqueOccupation(s)Composer, organist, violinistInstrument(s)OrganviolinYears active1616–1665Musical artist Tarquinio Merula (24 November 1595 – 10 December 1665) was an Italian composer, organist, and violinist of the early Baroque era. Although mainly active in Cremona, stylistically he was a member of the Venetian schoo...

Public college in Yakima, Washington, US Yakima Valley CollegeClocktower Plaza on Yakima Valley College's Yakima CampusFormer nameYakima Valley Junior CollegeTypePublic collegeAccreditationNWCCUPresidentLinda J. KaminskiLocationYakima, Washington, U.S.NicknameYaksSporting affiliationsNWAC Yakima Valley College (YVC) is a public college in Yakima, Washington. It was founded as Yakima Valley Community College in 1928 with Elizabeth Prior serving as the institution's first president.[1] ...

 

 

Lionel Murtonin TV's The Four Just Men (1960)BornWilliam Lionel Murton(1915-06-02)2 June 1915London, EnglandDied26 September 2006(2006-09-26) (aged 91)Basingstoke, Hampshire, EnglandResting placeBasingstoke Crematorium and Gardens of RemembranceOccupationActorYears active1945-1981SpouseAnita D'Allaire William Lionel Murton (2 June 1915 – 26 September 2006) was an English character actor.[1][2] Born in Wandsworth, London, he was resident at Little Orchard, Weston Ro...

 

 

此條目可能包含不适用或被曲解的引用资料,部分内容的准确性无法被证實。 (2023年1月5日)请协助校核其中的错误以改善这篇条目。详情请参见条目的讨论页。 各国相关 主題列表 索引 国内生产总值 石油储量 国防预算 武装部队(军事) 官方语言 人口統計 人口密度 生育率 出生率 死亡率 自杀率 谋杀率 失业率 储蓄率 识字率 出口额 进口额 煤产量 发电量 监禁率 死刑 国债 ...

Medieval fortification in North Cornwall, England Tintagel Castle (Cornish: Dintagel)Tintagel, Cornwall, United Kingdom The outer and upper wards of Tintagel Castle with the village of Tintagel in the distance.Tintagel Castle (Cornish: Dintagel)Coordinates50°40′05″N 4°45′36″W / 50.6679737°N 4.7599283°W / 50.6679737; -4.7599283Site informationOwnerDuchy of CornwallControlled byEnglish HeritageConditionRuinsSite historyBuilt13th centuryMaterialsStone and...

 

 

Henry Miller (1940) Henry Valentine Miller (New York, 26 dicembre 1891 – Los Angeles, 7 giugno 1980) è stato uno scrittore, pittore, saggista e reporter di viaggio statunitense. È ricordato soprattutto per il suo tentativo di rottura con le forme letterarie del suo tempo, essendosi votato alla ricerca d'una tipologia inedita di romanzo da lui sviluppata con un personalissimo intreccio sperimentale di narrativa memorialistica, romanzo tradizionale, diaristica d'impostazione filosofica e sa...

 

 

Between the SheetsAlbum studio karya FourplayDirilis17 Agustus 1993 (1993-08-17)GenreJazzDurasi67:32LabelWarner Bros.ProduserNathan East, Harvey Mason, Lee Ritenour, Bob JamesKronologi Fourplay Fourplay(1991) Between the Sheets(1993) Elixir(1995) Penilaian profesional Skor ulasan Sumber Nilai Allmusic [1] Between the Sheets adalah album studio ke-2 Fourplay. Album ini dirilis oleh Warner Bros. Records tanggal 17 Agustus 1993. Album ini menempati peringkat ke-2 dan ke-15 di ta...

Tidal force experienced by objects subject to the gravitational field of a galaxy The Mice Galaxies NGC 4676 A galactic tide is a tidal force experienced by objects subject to the gravitational field of a galaxy such as the Milky Way. Particular areas of interest concerning galactic tides include galactic collisions, the disruption of dwarf or satellite galaxies, and the Milky Way's tidal effect on the Oort cloud of the Solar System. Effects on external galaxies Main article: Interacting gala...

 

 

South Korean financial holding company An editor has performed a search and found that sufficient sources exist to establish the subject's notability. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: BNK Financial Group – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipe...