动态对等及形式对等

动态对等形式对等是由尤金·奈达创造的术语,是指两种不同的翻译方法,用来在原文和译文之间达到不同的直译程度,如圣经翻译中所示的。

基本上,动态对等是意译(翻译短语或整个句子的意思),以可读性而目标;形式对等是直译(直接翻译短语和单词的意思),保持字词的保真度英语fidelity

翻译方法

形式对等法倾向于强调对原本语言的词语细节和语法结构的保真度,而动态对等法往往使用更自然的表达方式,但是词汇准确度较低。

根据尤金·奈达,当初他创造“动态对等”时,他将其定义为“当一个翻译,其中原本语言的信息被转移到目标语言,使得目标语言的意思基本上与原本语言一样时,它就运用了动态对等。”[1]目标是两者语言的读者可以以相似的形式理解文本的意思。

晚年,奈达避免使用“动态对等”这个词,更愿意使用“功能对等”。[2][3][4]“功能对等”的含义是,对等性不只是在原文化的原文和目标文化的目标文本(译文)之间的功能,但是那个“功能”可以视作文本的一个性质。功能对等可以与人民在文化中的互动方式有联系。

近年来,一个新的翻译方法出现,它由真圣经翻译(Real Bible Translation,RBT)运用。它采用逆形式对等法,可以被认为是以英语作为“原文”,以古希伯来语的词汇规律和语素作为“目标语言”,目标是使现代的读者沉浸于古代的思考模式。

圣经翻译

圣经翻译采用了各种方法将原文翻译成英文,从极端的形式对等到极端的动态对等。 [5]

主要运用形式对等

适度运用形式对等和动态对等(最优对等)

主要运用动态对等或重述,或两者

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Nida, Eugene A., and Charles R. Taber. (1969). The Theory and Practice of Translation, With Special Reference to Bible Translating, 200. Leiden: Brill.
  2. ^ Let the words be written: the lasting influence of Eugene A. Nida p. 51 Philip C. Stine – 2004 "That probably would not have happened if it hadn't been for Nida's ideas" (Charles Taber, interview with author, 21 Oct. 2000).7 Nida later felt that the term "dynamic equivalence" had been misunderstood and was partly responsible for
  3. ^ Translation and religion: holy untranslatable? p91 Lynne Long – 2005 "In order to avoid certain misunderstandings, de Waard and Nida (1986: 7, 36) later replaced the term 'dynamic equivalence' with 'functional equivalence', but they stated clearly that 'The substitution of "functional equivalence"' is not..."
  4. ^ The History of the Reina-Valera 1960 Spanish Bible p98 Calvin George – 2004 "190 For this reason in his later writings he distanced himself from the term 'dynamic equivalence,' preferring instead 'functional equivalence.' 191 The idea is to produce the closest natural equivalent in the target or 188 190 Nida, ..."
  5. ^ Data collected from two sources that have nearly identical ranking with an overlapping (supplemental) list of translations studied: 1. Thomas, Robert L., Bible Translations: The Link Between Exegesis and Expository Preaching, pages 63ff页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆); and 2. Clontz, T.E. and Clontz, J., The Comprehensive New Testament, page iii.
  6. ^ Principles of Bible Translation from Hebrew and Greek | NWT. JW.ORG. [2017-09-04]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-10) (英语). 

Read other articles:

1999 single by S Club 7 For the song by Mica Paris, see Whisper a Prayer. Two in a MillionSingle by S Club 7from the album S Club A-sideYou're My Number OneB-sideWe Can Work It OutReleased13 December 1999 (1999-12-13)[1]StudioStarGate (Norway)Length3:34LabelPolydorSongwriter(s)Cathy DennisSimon EllisProducer(s)StarGateS Club 7 singles chronology S Club Party (1999) Two in a Million / You're My Number One (1999) Reach (2000) Music videoTwo in a Million on YouTube Two in ...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Joxe. Pierre Joxe Pierre Joxe en 2013. Fonctions Membre du Conseil constitutionnel français 12 mars 2001 – 12 mars 2010(9 ans) Président Yves GuénaPierre MazeaudJean-Louis Debré Prédécesseur Noëlle Lenoir Successeur Jacques Barrot Premier président de la Cour des comptes 13 mars 1993 – 12 mars 2001(7 ans, 11 mois et 27 jours) Prédécesseur Pierre Arpaillange Successeur François Logerot Ministre de la Défense 29 janvier 1991...

 

Ekonomi Lituania[1]Jalan Gediminas, VilniusMata uang€1 Euro (EUR) = 1,20 USD[2]Tahun fiskalTahun kalenderOrganisasi perdaganganUni Eropa, Organisasi Perdagangan DuniaStatistikPDB€38,3 miliar / $42,8 miliar (2016, nominal), $90,4 miliar (2017, KKB)[3]Pertumbuhan PDB 1,7% (2015) [4][5]PDB per kapita€13.500 / $15.090 (2017, nominal), $31,850 (2017, PPP)[3]PDB per sektorJasa 72,9%, industri 23,6%, pertanian 3,5% (2014)[butuh rujukan]In...

Dieter Bohlen (lahir 7 Februari 1954 di Oldenburg) merupakan pruduser, pencipta lagu, dan penyanyi berkebangsaan Jerman. Pada 1984-1987 dan 1998-2003 dia bagian dari grup musik pop Modern Talking sebagai penyanyi, pencipta lagu, dan produser. Pada 1986-1989 Dieter adalah produser dan pencipta lagu sang ratu disko, C.C. Catch. Lihat pula Modern Talking Blue System Thomas Anders C.C. Catch Bonnie Bianco Pengawasan otoritas Umum Integrated Authority File (Jerman) ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat Perpusta...

 

Violeta Chamorro Nama dalam bahasa asli(es) Violeta Barrios de Chamorro BiografiKelahiran18 Oktober 1929 (94 tahun)Rivas Presiden Nikaragua 25 April 1990 – 10 Januari 1997 ← Daniel Ortega – Arnoldo Alemán → Data pribadiPendidikanOur Lady of the Lake University Blackstone College for Girls KegiatanPekerjaanpolitikus, wartawan PeriodeAbad ke-20 Partai politikUni Oposisi Nasional KeluargaPasangan nikahPedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal (1950–1978) AnakCris...

 

1977 historical drama film directed by Ridley Scott For the Iron Maiden song, see Powerslave. The DuellistsTheatrical release posterDirected byRidley ScottScreenplay byGerald Vaughan-HughesBased onThe Duelby Joseph ConradProduced byDavid PuttnamStarring Harvey Keitel Keith Carradine Albert Finney Edward Fox Cristina Raines Robert Stephens Tom Conti Stacy Keach CinematographyFrank TidyEdited byMichael Bradsell (sup.)Pamela PowerMusic byHoward BlakeProductioncompaniesEnigma ProductionsScott Fre...

Australian entertainer (1930–2023) Rolf HarrisHarris in 2010Born(1930-03-30)30 March 1930Bassendean, Western AustraliaDied10 May 2023(2023-05-10) (aged 93)Bray, Berkshire, EnglandAlma mater University of Western Australia Claremont Teachers' College Occupations Entertainer musician composer television personality painter actor presenter Years active1953–2014Criminal chargesIndecent assaultCriminal penalty5 years, 9 months' imprisonmentCriminal statusReleased on licence in 2...

 

Pour un article plus général, voir Baccalauréat (scolaire). Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (février 2023). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références...

 

Monte LeraLa piccola croce di vetta del Monte Lera (1.368 m); sullo sfondo il Monte ColombanoStato Italia Regione Piemonte Provincia Torino Altezza1 368 m s.l.m. CatenaAlpi Coordinate45°10′47.38″N 7°27′13.97″E / 45.179829°N 7.45388°E45.179829; 7.45388Coordinate: 45°10′47.38″N 7°27′13.97″E / 45.179829°N 7.45388°E45.179829; 7.45388 Mappa di localizzazioneMonte Lera Dati SOIUSAGrande ParteAlpi Occidentali Grande Set...

岸信介佐藤信介 日本第56、57任內閣總理大臣任期1957年2月25日—1960年7月19日君主昭和天皇副首相石井光次郎益谷秀次前任石橋湛山继任池田勇人 日本內閣總理大臣(臨時代理)任期1957年1月31日—1957年2月25日总理石橋湛山前任石橋湛山继任岸信介 日本防衛廳長官(臨時代理)任期1957年1月31日—1957年2月2日总理岸信介(代,兼)前任石橋湛山(代)继任小瀧彬(�...

 

莎拉·阿什頓-西里洛2023年8月,阿什頓-西里洛穿著軍服出生 (1977-07-09) 1977年7月9日(46歲) 美國佛羅里達州国籍 美國别名莎拉·阿什頓(Sarah Ashton)莎拉·西里洛(Sarah Cirillo)金髮女郎(Blonde)职业記者、活動家、政治活動家和候選人、軍醫活跃时期2020年—雇主內華達州共和黨候選人(2020年)《Political.tips》(2020年—)《LGBTQ國度》(2022年3月—2022年10月)烏克蘭媒�...

 

Frères Maserati Ettore, Bindo, Ernesto et Alfieri II, avant 1932, devant leur première concession Maserati, 11 Via de Pepoli à Bologne. Données clés Naissance Voghera (Pavie) Nationalité Italie Profession Industriel Maserati Autres activités Pilotes de course, ou coureur cycliste Formation Ingénieurs en mécanique ou artiste Distinctions Maserati Alfieri de 2015, en hommage aux frères Maserati, pour les 100 ans de la marque Maserati Ascendants Rodolphe Maserati et Carolina Losi Fami...

СелоГари 55°52′11″ с. ш. 52°01′04″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Россия Субъект Федерации Татарстан Муниципальный район Елабужский Сельское поселение Бехтеревское История и география Первое упоминание 1678 Часовой пояс UTC+3:00 Население Население 342 человека (2010) Национальнос...

 

Venezuelan telenovela De todas maneras RosaGenreTelenovelaDramaRomanceCreated byCarlos PérezWritten by Carlos Pérez José Vicente Quintana Directed byYuri DelgadoStarring Marisa Román Ricardo Álamo Norkys Batista Luciano D'Alessandro Gustavo Rodríguez Opening themeLocura de Amor by Gabriel López[1]Ending themeCuando se Rompe un Corazón by MalangaCountry of originVenezuelaOriginal languageSpanishNo. of episodes120 [2]ProductionExecutive producerCarolina de JacovoProducer...

 

Resimen Marinir ke-4Lambang Resimen Marinir ke-4Aktif10 Maret 1911 – 24 Juni 191116 April 1914 – 6 Mei 19421 Februari 1944 – 17 Oktober 19492 September 1952 – sekarangAliansi Amerika SerikatCabang Korps Marinir Amerika SerikatTipe unitResimen infanteriPeranLokasi tertutup dengan dan mengalahkan musuh menggunakan api dan manuverJulukanThe Oldest and the ProudestMarinir ChinaMotoHold High the TorchPertempuranPerang Pisang*Pendudukan Vera Cruz*Pendudukan Republik DominikanPerang Dun...

The GfK Entertainment charts are record charts compiled by GfK Entertainment on behalf of the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI). Lists of number-ones 1950s 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 20...

 

A24

American independent entertainment company For other uses, see A24 (disambiguation). A24 Films redirects here. For the company's filmography, see List of A24 films. A24 Films LLCTrade nameA24FormerlyA24 Films (2012–2016)Company typePrivateIndustryEntertainmentFoundedAugust 20, 2012; 11 years ago (2012-08-20)[1]Founders Daniel Katz David Fenkel John Hodges Headquarters31 West 27th Street, Manhattan, New York City, United StatesNumber of locations2 (2016)Area se...

 

此條目可参照葡萄牙語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2018年9月)若您熟悉来源语言和主题,请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译,也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议,译文需在编辑摘要注明来源,或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 此條目没有列出任何参考或来源。 (2013年9月3日)維基百科所有的內容都應該可供查證。请协助補充可靠来源�...

Famous British racing greyhound Westpark MustardSireNewdown HeatherDamApril MerrySexBitchWhelpedJuly 1971Colorwhite and blackOwnerCyril Young (alias Cyril Scotland)TrainerTom Johnston Jr.RecordLongcross CupGRA StakesAwardsBritish and European Record holderOther awards1974 Greyhound of the Year Westpark Mustard was a white and black racing greyhound in the 1970s. By Newdown Heather out of April Merry, she broke the British and European record of 19 consecutive victories held by Mick the Miller...

 

Plataforma de embarque/desembarque Estação Tetuan. Tetuan é uma estação da Linha 2 do Metro de Barcelona. Está localizada abaixo da Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes e Plaça de Tetuan no distrito de Eixample no centro de Barcelona.[1][2] História A estação Tetuan foi projetada dentro do traçado inicial da Linha 2, projetada no Plano da Rede do Metrô de 1966. A construção da Linha 2, entre as estações da Sagrada Família e Paral·lel (então chamada de Pueblo Seco) teve início e...