中苏互不侵犯条约

覆蓋有青天白日旗幟的玻利卡爾波夫I-16戰機,這些飛機被蘇聯援華的空军志愿队使用

中蘇互不侵犯条约是指中华民国苏联于1937年8月20日在南京签订的条约,规定:“倘缔约国之一方受一个或数个第三国侵略时,彼缔约国约定,在冲突全部时间内,对该第三国不得直接或间接予以任何援助……”,通过该条约蘇联政府向中国提供物资援助,1937年11月派遣空军志愿队来华作战。

條約內容

條約內容如下:

中華民國國民政府、蘇维埃社會主義聯邦共和國政府為欲對於一般和平之維持有所貢獻,並將兩國現有之友好關係鞏固於堅定而永久的基礎之上,又欲將一九二八年八月二十七日在巴黎簽訂之非戰公約中雙方擔任之責任重行切實證明起見,因是决定簽訂本條約。雙方各派全權代表如左:
中華民國國民政府主席特派外交部長王寵惠
蘇维埃社會主義聯邦共和國中央執行委員會特派駐中華民國大使鮑格莫洛夫;
兩全權代表業經相互校閱全權證書,認為妥善,約定條款如左:
第一條
兩締約國重行鄭重聲明,兩方斥責以戰爭為解决國際糾紛之方法,並否認在兩國相互關係間以戰爭為實行國傢政策之工具,並依照此項諾言,兩方約定不單獨或聯合其它一國或多數國對彼此為任何侵略。
第二條
倘兩締約國之一方受一個或數個第三國侵略時,彼締約國約定在衝突全部期間內對於該第三國不得直接或間接給予任何協助,並不得為任何行動,或簽訂任何協定,緻該侵略國得用以施行不利於受侵略之締約國。
第三條
本條約之條款,不得解釋為對於在本條月生效以前兩締約國已經簽訂之任何雙面或多邊條約對於兩締約國所發生之權利與義務有何影響或變更。
第四條
本條約用英文繕成兩份,本條約於上列全權代表簽字之日發生效力,其有效期間為五年,兩締約國之一方在期滿前六個月得嚮彼方通知廢止本條約之意思,倘兩方均未如期通知,本條約認為在第一次期滿後自動延長二年,如於二年期間屆滿前六個月雙方並不嚮對方通知廢止本條約之意,本條約應再延長二年,以後按此進行。
兩全權代表將本條約簽字、蓋印,以昭信守。
一九三七年八月二十一日訂於南京,王寵惠,鮑格莫洛夫。」[1]:75-76

影响

起初,该协议改善了蒋介石领导的国民党政府与苏联之间的关系。协议签署后,苏联开始在泽特行动中向中国国民政府派遣飞机,并提供经济援助,以帮助抵御日本的入侵。蒋介石希望这是苏联干预战争的前兆,但随着时间的推移,他很快意识到,苏联在提供援助方面受到了限制,以避免破坏与英国、法国以及后来的美国的默契联盟,这些国家在战争中都支持中国,但也会支持日本对抗苏联,以削弱苏联和日本。

该条约还使苏联能够将注意力更多地集中在西方,纳粹德国正在那里为与苏联的战争做准备,尤其是在签署《苏日中立条约》之后。这导致了中德关系的恶化,德国在中国的军事援助已经结束。

苏联违约

具有讽刺意味的是,1937年,当该协议签署时,苏联在签署前后公然违反了该协议,在8月至10月发动了新疆战争(1937年)。

苏联军队当时正在新疆协助傀儡省长盛世才。国民党穆斯林将领马虎山率领国民革命军第三十六师抵抗苏联侵略。

在入侵之前,马虎山曾与蒋介石沟通,并向彼得·弗莱明提到,蒋介石将苏联作战。然而,抗日战争的爆发导致马云独自面对苏联的入侵。尽管抵抗并杀害了苏联士兵,马云的部队最终还是屈服于苏联的芥子气轰炸,他逃到了印度,在那里他乘坐轮船返回了中国。

盛世才随后邀请苏联军队驻扎在甘肃省旁边的吐鲁番。

中华民国政府充分意识到苏联入侵新疆,苏联军队在新疆和甘肃周围活动,但它被迫将这些演习伪装成“日本宣传”,以避免发生国际事件,并要求苏联继续提供军事物资。[2]

作为回应,中国政府采取了自己的军事行动。穆斯林将军马步青随后几乎控制了甘肃走廊。[3] 他早些时候曾与日本人作战,但由于苏联的威胁很大,蒋介石对马英九的立场做出了一些安排。1942年7月,蒋介石指示马将3万军队转移到青海柴达木盆地的蔡达姆沼泽。蒋介石任命马垦务专员,以威胁盛世才在新疆的南部侧翼,该侧翼与蔡达姆接壤。[4][5]

马撤离甘肃阵地后,来自中国中部的国民党军队涌入该地区,渗透到苏联占领的新疆,逐渐收复该地区,并迫使盛世才与苏联决裂。

1944年11月,国民党穆斯林军官刘宾迪在与突厥维吾尔人起义军作战时被杀,伊犁起义在新疆爆发。苏联支持突厥叛军对抗国民党,国民党军队进行了反击。

国民党政府多次命令马步芳率部进军新疆,恐吓苏联傀儡盛世才。这有助于为在新疆定居的中国人提供保护。[6]1945年,在伊犁之乱期间,国民党派马步芳随穆斯林骑兵队前往乌鲁木齐,以保护其免受来伊犁的维吾尔族军队的袭击。[7][8][9][10]

参考文献

  1. ^ 李怡. 《抗戰畫史》. 台北: 力行書局. 1969. 
  2. ^ Lin, Hsiao-ting. Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West. Taylor & Francis https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&q=soviet+border+japanese+propaganda. 2010-08-04. ISBN 978-0-203-84497-7 (英语).  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  3. ^ Asia: Journal of the American Asiatic Association. Asia Publishing Company https://books.google.com/books?id=y3oeAAAAMAAJ&q=Ma+pu-fang. 1940 (英语).  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  4. ^ Lin, Hsiao-Ting. War, Leadership and Ethnopolitics: Chiang Kai-shek and China's frontiers, 1941–1945. Journal of Contemporary China. 2009-03, 18 (59) [2023-05-22]. ISSN 1067-0564. doi:10.1080/10670560802575960. (原始内容存档于2023-05-22) (英语). 
  5. ^ 存档副本 (PDF). docs.google.com. [2023-05-22]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-05-22). 
  6. ^ inc, Human Relations Area Files; Institute, University of Washington Far Eastern and Russian. A Regional Handbook on Northwest China. Human Relations Area Files https://books.google.com/books?id=JvPUAAAAMAAJ&q=kazakhs+ma+pu-fang. 1956 (英语).  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  7. ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Far Eastern affairs, July-December 1946. University Publications of America https://books.google.com/books?id=a4yQAAAAMAAJ&q=In+September+1945+he+and+his+Moslem+cavalry+moved+into+Sinkiang+to+defend+Urumchi+against+the+advance+of+the+Moslem+rebels+from+Hi.+He+has+considerable+influence+with+the+Chinese+Moslems+and+his+appointment+was+designed+to+check+any. 1999 [2023-05-22]. ISBN 978-1-55655-768-2. (原始内容存档于2023-05-24) (英语).  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  8. ^ cavalry moved into Sinkiang to defend Urumchi against the advance of the - Google 搜索. www.google.com. [2023-05-22]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-22). 
  9. ^ In September 1945 he and his Moslem cavalry moved into Sinkiang to defend - Google 搜索. www.google.com. [2023-05-22]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-22). 
  10. ^ In September 1945 he and his Moslem cavalry moved into Sinkiang to defend - Google 搜索. www.google.com. [2023-05-22]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-22). 

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