Bal arısı

Bal arısı
Yaşadığı dönem aralığı: 33,9-0 myö
Oligosen-Günümüz 
Korunma durumu

Durumu belirsiz (IUCN 3.1)[1][2]
Biyolojik sınıflandırma Bu sınıflandırmayı düzenle
Âlem: Animalia
Şube: Arthropoda
Sınıf: Insecta
Takım: Hymenoptera
Familya: Apidae
Oymak: Apini
Cins: Apis
Tür: A. mellifera
İkili adlandırma
Apis mellifera
Sinonimler
Liste
    • Apis caffra Lepeletier, 1836
    • Apis cerifera Scopoli, 1770
    • Apis mellifica Linnaeus, 1761
    • Apis daurica Fischer von Waldheim, 1843
    • Apis australis Kiesenwetter, 1860
    • Apis nigritarum Lepeletier, 1836
    • Apis gregaria Geoffroy, 1762
    • Apis fasciata Latreille, 1804
    • Apis cerifera Gerstäcker, 1862
    • Apis aenigmaticus Rayment, 1925
    • Apis adansonii Latreille, 1804
    • Apis intermissa Maa, 1953
    • Apis siciliana Dalla Torre, 1896
    • Apis sicula Montgano, 1911
    • Apis mellifera carnica Pollmann, 1879
    • Apis mellifera cecropia Kiesenwetter, 1860
    • Apis remipes armeniaca Skorikov, 1929
    • Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier, 1836
    • Apis mellifera major Ruttner, 1976
    • Apis mellifica germanica Pollmann, 1879
    • Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola, 1806
    • Apis mellifera lamarckii Cockerell, 1906
    • Apis mellifera syriaca Skorikov, 1929
    • Apis mellifera taurica Alpatov, 1935
    • Apis mellifera anatoliaca Maa, 1953
    • Apis mellida caucasia Pollmann, 1889
    • Apis mellifera carpatica Barac, 1977
    • Apis mellifera cypria Pollmann, 1879
    • Apis mellifera sossimai Engel, 1999
    • Apis mellifera iberiensis Engel, 1999
    • Apis mellifera intermissa Maa, 1953
    • Apis mellifera jemenitica Ruttner, 1976
    • Apis mellifera meda Skorikov, 1929
    • Apis mellifera nubica Ruttner, 1976
    • Apis mellifera siciliana Grassi, 1881
    • Apis mellifera capensis Eschscholtz, 1822
    • Apis mellifera litorea F. G. Smith, 1961
    • Apis mellifica banatica Grozdanic, 1926
    • Apis mellifera macedonica Ruttner, 1988
    • Apis mellifera adami Ruttner, 1975
    • Apis mellifica rodopica Petrov, 1991
    • Apis mellifera remipes Gerstäcker, 1862
    • Apis mellifica hymettea Pollmann, 1879
    • Apis mellifera sahariensis Baldensperger, 1932
    • Apis mellifera ruttneri Sheppard, Arias, Grech and Meixner, 1998
    • Apis mellifica nigrita Lucas, 1882
    • Apis mellifera simensis Meixner, Leta, Koeniger and Fuchs, 2011
    • Apis mellifera adansoni Latreille, 1804
    • Apis mellifera monticola F. G. Smith, 1961
    • Apis mellifera artemisia Engel, 1999
    • Apis mellifera unicolor Latreille, 1804
    • Apis mellifera caucasica Gorbachev, 1916
    • Apis mellifera acervorum Skorikov, 1929
    • Apis mellifera carniolica Koschevnikov, 1900
    • Apis mellifera iberica Ruttner, 1988
    • Apis mellifera armeniaca Skorikov, 1929
    • Apis remipes transcaucasica Skorikov, 1929
    • Apis mellifera sicula Montagano, 1911
    • Apis mellifica adami Ruttner, 1975
    • Apis mellifica cecropia Kiesenwetter, 1860
    • Apis mellica cypria Pollmann, 1879
    • Apis mellica remipes Gerstäcker, 1862
    • Apis mellifica sahariensis Baldensperger, 1932
    • Apis mellifica carnica Pollmann, 1879

Apis mellifera veya bal arısı, Apis cinsine bağlı bir arı türüdür.[3] Dünya çapında 7-12 bal arısı türü arasında en yaygın olanıdır.[4][5] Apis cins adı Latince "arı" anlamına gelir ve mellifera Latince "bal taşıyan" anlamına gelir ve türün bal üretimine atıfta bulunur.[6]

Özellikler

Apis mellifera 1,2 cm uzunluğundadır. Baş ve göğüs bölümü az çok kıllıdır ve genellikle sarı tonlardaki rengi soydan soya değişir. İki büyük bileşik göz ve üç basit göz, başın tepesinde yer alır.

Dağılım ve habitat

Antarktika hariç[7] tüm dünyada bulunur. Türün, Afrika'dan[8] veya Asya'dan[9] doğal yollarla Afrika, Orta Doğu ve Avrupa'ya yayıldığı düşünülmektedir.[7]

Ekoloji

Yaşam döngüsü

Bal arıları toplu halde yaşayan canlılardır ve kovanda yaşamın devamlılığını sağlamak için hep birlikte çalışırlar.[10]

Erkek arılar, dişilerden iridirler ancak iğneleri ve kendilerine besin toplayabilecek organları yoktur. Ana amaçları kraliçeyi döllemektir ve dölledikten hemen sonra ölürler..[11]

Galeri

Ayrıca bakınız

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

  1. ^ De la Rúa, P., Paxton, R.J., Moritz, R.F.A., Roberts, S., Allen, D.J., Pinto, M.A., Cauia, E., Fontana, P., Kryger, P., Bouga, M., Buechler, R., Costa, C., Crailsheim, K., Meixner, M., Siceanu, A. & Kemp, J.R. (2014). "Apis mellifera". IUCN Tehdit Altındaki Türlerin Kırmızı Listesi. 2014: e.T42463639A42463665. Erişim tarihi: 23 Temmuz 2017. 
  2. ^ "Western honey bee". IUCN Tehdit Altındaki Türlerin Kırmızı Listesi. 2019. 2019. ISSN 2307-8235. Erişim tarihi: 1 Mayıs 2019. 
  3. ^ "ITIS". 30 Ekim 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 22 Mayıs 2022. 
  4. ^ Michael S Engel (1999). The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Apis). 
  5. ^ Lo, Nathan; Gloag, Rosalyn S.; Anderson, Denis L.; Oldroyd, Benjamin P. (Nisan 2010). "A molecular phylogeny of the genus Apis suggests that the Giant Honey Bee of the Philippines, A. breviligula Maa, and the Plains Honey Bee of southern India, A. indica Fabricius, are valid species". Systematic Entomology (İngilizce). 35 (2): 226-233. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00504.x. 2 Şubat 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 7 Ağustos 2023. 
  6. ^ "Western Honeybees: Facts, Prevention & Honey Bee Control | Orkin". www.orkin.com (İngilizce). 31 Mayıs 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 7 Ağustos 2023. 
  7. ^ a b Mortensen, Ashley N.; Schmehl, Daniel R.; Ellis, Jamie (August 2013). "European honey bee". Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida. 18 Ekim 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Eylül 2018. 
  8. ^ Charles W. Whitfield, Susanta K. Behura, Stewart H. Berlocher, Andrew G. Clark, J. Spencer Johnston, Walter S. Sheppard, Deborah R. Smith, Andrew V. Suarez, Daniel Weaver & Neil D. Tsutsui (2006). "Thrice out of Africa: ancient and recent expansions of the honey bee, Apis mellifera" (PDF). Science. 314 (5799): 642-645. Bibcode:2006Sci...314..642W. doi:10.1126/science.1132772. PMID 17068261. 29 Eylül 2015 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. 
  9. ^ Han, Fan; Wallberg, Andreas; Webster, Matthew T (2012). "From where did the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) originate?". Ecology and Evolution. 2 (8): 1949-1957. doi:10.1002/ece3.312. PMC 3433997 $2. PMID 22957195. 
  10. ^ Caron, Dewey M. (Dewey Maurice) (2013). Honey bee biology and beekeeping. Connor, Lawrence John. (Revised bas.). Kalamazoo, MI: Wicas Press. ISBN 9781878075291. OCLC 869287399. 
  11. ^ Harrison, J H (1 Mayıs 1987). "Roles of individual honeybee workers and drones in colonial thermogenesis" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 129: 60. doi:10.1242/jeb.129.1.53. PMID 3585245. 19 Ağustos 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 22 Mayıs 2022. 

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