Ani iklim değişikliği

Klatrat hidratlar, ani değişikliklerin olası bir nedeni olarak tanımlanmıştır.

Ani iklim değişikliği, iklim sisteminin, enerji dengesi tarafından belirlenen doğal dönüşüm hızının ötesinde, daha hızlı bir şekilde dönüşüme zorlanmasıyla ortaya çıkar. Bu dönüşüm, meteor çarpması gibi ani dışsal olaylarla tetiklenebileceği gibi, dışsal zorlamaların etkisiyle mevcut dönüşüm hızını geçebilir.[1][2] Dolayısıyla ani iklim değişikliği, bir iklimin normal seyrinin ötesinde bir hızla gerçekleşen, genellikle dışsal zorlamalarla tetiklenen ve doğal dengeyi bozan bir süreçtir. Geçmişteki ani iklim değişilikleri arasında Karbonifer Yağmur Ormanlarının Çöküşü,[3] Erken Dryas Devri,[4] Dansgaard-Oeschger olayları, Heinrich olayı ve muhtemelen Paleosen-Eosen Termal Maksimum[5] yer almaktadır. Bu terim aynı zamanda iklim değişikliği bağlamında, bir insan ömrünün zaman ölçeğinde tespit edilebilen ani iklim değişikliğini tanımlamak için de kullanılmaktadır. Bu tür bir ani iklim değişimi, iklim sistemi içindeki geri besleme döngülerinin veya iklim sistemindeki devrilme noktalarının bir sonucu olabilir.[6]

Bilim insanları ani olaylardan bahsederken farklı zaman ölçekleri kullanabilmektedir. Örneğin, Paleosen-Eosen Termal Maksimum'un ortaya çıkış süresi birkaç on yıl ile birkaç bin yıl arasında değişebilir. Buna karşılık iklim modellerine göre, süregelen sera gazı emisyonları nedeniyle 2047 yılında dünya'nın yakın yüzey sıcaklığı, son 150 yıldaki alışılmış değişim aralığından sapabilir.[7]

Etkiler

Termohalin döngüsünün izlediği yolun bir özeti. Mavi yollar derin su akıntılarını, kırmızı yollar ise yüzey akıntılarını temsil etmektedir.

Ani iklim değişikliği geçmişte muhtemelen aşağıdaki gibi geniş kapsamlı ve ciddi etkilere neden olmuştur:

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Harunur Rashid; Leonid Polyak; Ellen Mosley-Thompson (2011). Abrupt climate change: mechanisms, patterns, and impacts. American Geophysical Union. ISBN 9780875904849. 13 Mart 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Aralık 2024. 
  2. ^ Committee on Abrupt Climate Change, National Research Council. (2002). "Definition of Abrupt Climate Change". Abrupt climate change : inevitable surprises. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. doi:10.17226/10136. ISBN 978-0-309-07434-6. 8 Ekim 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Aralık 2024. 
  3. ^ a b Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica". Geology. 38 (12). ss. 1079-1082. Bibcode:2010Geo....38.1079S. doi:10.1130/G31182.1. 
  4. ^ Broecker, W. S. (May 2006). "Geology. Was the Younger Dryas triggered by a flood?". Science. 312 (5777). ss. 1146-1148. doi:10.1126/science.1123253. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16728622. 
  5. ^ National Research Council (2002). Abrupt climate change : inevitable surprises. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. s. 108. ISBN 0-309-07434-7. 
  6. ^ Rial, J. A.; Pielke Sr., R. A.; Beniston, M.; Claussen, M.; Canadell, J.; Cox, P.; Held, H.; De Noblet-Ducoudré, N.; Prinn, R.; Reynolds, J. F.; Salas, J. D. (2004). "Nonlinearities, Feedbacks and Critical Thresholds within the Earth's Climate System" (PDF). Climatic Change. Cilt 65. ss. 11-00. doi:10.1023/B:CLIM.0000037493.89489.3f. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-A8E8-0. 9 Mart 2013 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. 
  7. ^ Mora, C (2013). "The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability". Nature. 502 (7470). ss. 183-187. Bibcode:2013Natur.502..183M. doi:10.1038/nature12540. PMID 24108050. 
  8. ^ Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 275 (1636). ss. 759-65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898 $2. PMID 18198148. 
  9. ^ Crowley, T. J.; North, G. R. (May 1988). "Abrupt Climate Change and Extinction Events in Earth History". Science. 240 (4855). ss. 996-1002. Bibcode:1988Sci...240..996C. doi:10.1126/science.240.4855.996. PMID 17731712. 
  10. ^ Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Ferry, P.A. (2010). "Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land". Biology Letters. 6 (4). ss. 544-547. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024. PMC 2936204 $2. PMID 20106856. 
  11. ^ Trenberth, K. E.; Hoar, T. J. (1997). "El Niño and climate change". Geophysical Research Letters. 24 (23). ss. 3057-3060. Bibcode:1997GeoRL..24.3057T. doi:10.1029/97GL03092. 
  12. ^ Meehl, G. A.; Washington, W. M. (1996). "El Niño-like climate change in a model with increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations". Nature. 382 (6586). ss. 56-60. Bibcode:1996Natur.382...56M. doi:10.1038/382056a0. 29 Şubat 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Aralık 2024. 
  13. ^ Broecker, W. S. (1997). "Thermohaline Circulation, the Achilles Heel of Our Climate System: Will Man-Made CO2 Upset the Current Balance?" (PDF). Science. 278 (5343). ss. 1582-1588. Bibcode:1997Sci...278.1582B. doi:10.1126/science.278.5343.1582. PMID 9374450. 22 Kasım 2009 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. 
  14. ^ Manabe, S.; Stouffer, R. J. (1995). "Simulation of abrupt climate change induced by freshwater input to the North Atlantic Ocean" (PDF). Nature. 378 (6553). s. 165. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..165M. doi:10.1038/378165a0. 30 Nisan 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 25 Aralık 2024. 
  15. ^ Beniston, M.; Jungo, P. (2002). "Shifts in the distributions of pressure, temperature and moisture and changes in the typical weather patterns in the Alpine region in response to the behavior of the North Atlantic Oscillation" (PDF). Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 71 (1–2). ss. 29-42. Bibcode:2002ThApC..71...29B. doi:10.1007/s704-002-8206-7. 20 Şubat 2012 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 25 Aralık 2024. 
  16. ^ J. Hansen; M. Sato; P. Hearty; R. Ruedy; ve diğerleri. (2015). "Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming is highly dangerous". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions. 15 (14). ss. 20059-20179. Bibcode:2015ACPD...1520059H. doi:10.5194/acpd-15-20059-2015. 10 Eylül 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Aralık 2024. Our results at least imply that strong cooling in the North Atlantic from AMOC shutdown does create higher wind speed. * * * The increment in seasonal mean wind speed of the northeasterlies relative to preindustrial conditions is as much as 10–20%. Such a percentage increase of wind speed in a storm translates into an increase of storm power dissipation by a factor ~1.4–2, because wind power dissipation is proportional to the cube of wind speed. However, our simulated changes refer to seasonal mean winds averaged over large grid-boxes, not individual storms.* * * Many of the most memorable and devastating storms in eastern North America and western Europe, popularly known as superstorms, have been winter cyclonic storms, though sometimes occurring in late fall or early spring, that generate near-hurricane-force winds and often large amounts of snowfall. Continued warming of low latitude oceans in coming decades will provide more water vapor to strengthen such storms. If this tropical warming is combined with a cooler North Atlantic Ocean from AMOC slowdown and an increase in midlatitude eddy energy, we can anticipate more severe baroclinic storms. 

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