Wang Jingwei

Wang Jingwei
Wang Jingwei
Nascimento 4 de maio de 1883
Sanshui District
Morte 10 de novembro de 1944 (61 anos)
Nagoia
Cidadania Dinastia Qing, República da China
Cônjuge Chen Bijun
Irmão(ã)(s) Wang Zhaoyong
Alma mater
  • Tokyo School of Law
Ocupação político, diplomata, artista
Distinções
  • Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum
Causa da morte câncer

Wang Jingwei (chinês tradicional: 汪精卫; chinês simplificado: 汪精卫, pinyin: Wang Jingwei, Wade-Giles: Wang Ching-wei) (Sanshui, Guangdong, 1883 - Nagoya, Japão, 10 de novembro de 1944) foi um político chinês da primeira metade do século XX. É conhecido por ter participado da Revolução Xinhai pelo partido Tongmenghui e ter liderado a facção de esquerda do Partido Nacionalista, o Kuomintang (KMT), favorável a uma colaboração permanente com o Partido Comunista da China, após a morte do fundador do KMT Sun Yat-sen. Em 1927, Wang tentou continuar esta colaboração já que o governo do KMT, situava-se na cidade de Wuhan, mas seu rival Chiang Kai-shek, um militar que conseguiu conquistar a China Oriental, na chamada Expedição do Norte, ganhou a luta pelo poder.[1] Chiang Kai-shek estabeleceu um governo alternativo em Nanquim, e iria lançar uma campanha de perseguição contra os comunistas, após o Massacre de Xangai de 1927.

Depois de aceitar a liderança de Chiang e unir-se ao governo do KMT em Nanquim, Wang permaneceria sendo uma figura importante no partido e tornou-se um admirador dos movimentos fascistas na Europa, chegando a viajar para a Alemanha nazista, onde buscou o apoio do governo de Adolf Hitler.

Wang recebendo uma delegação da Alemanha Nazista em 1941.

Em 1938, após o início da Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa, Wang Jingwei abandonou novamente o governo de Chiang Kai-shek e procurou refúgio na cidade do interior de Chongqing, e aceitou a proposta dos japoneses para se tornar o presidente do regime chinês colaboracionista em Nanquim, sendo reconhecido como chefe de Estado chinês pelo Japão e seus aliados do Eixo durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Morreu por enfermidade no Japão em 1944; nunca foram claras as razões que o levaram a aceitar o cargo oferecido pelos japoneses. A interpretação mais comum atribui esta decisão à ideia generalizada de que o exército japonês era invencível, e que a colaboração era a melhor maneira de servir o país. Devido à sua colaboração com a ocupação japonesa, a sua figura tem sido fortemente criticada pelos historiadores chineses, que o têm considerado um traidor da pátria e colaboracionista, de forma similar a Vidkun Quisling na Noruega durante a ocupação alemã.[2]

Biografia

Foto tirada em 1925 - Wang Jingwei é o terceiro da esquerda para direita na frente.

Filiação ao Tongmenghui

Ver também : Tongmenghui

No outono de 1904, um grupo de jovens, entre eles, o orfão, Wang Jingwei, foram enviados de Guangzhou para Tokyo pelo Vice-rei de Guangdong como parte de um programa para estudos politicos e legais na Universidade de Hosei. Lá ele teve seus contatos com os nacionalistas chineses e a Sociedade para a Regeneração Chinesa.[3]

Desde 1905, Jingwei já fazia parte do partido revolucionário de Sun Yat-sen, o Tongmenghui. Desempenhando o papel de expandir o partido para os chineses ultramarinos - fora da China - e tentando assassinar o Príncipe Regente Qing, em Beijing, fizeram de Wang Jingwei um dos principais lideres do partido.[4]

Revolução Xinhai

Durante a Revolução Xinhai de 1911, Wang Jingwei estava preso, devido a tentativa de assassinato de um principe Qing, e após a revolução, ele rejeitou todas as ofertas de cargos dentro do novo governo, preferindo estudar na França, e retornando a China no final de 1912 para as Eleições Presidenciais de 1913 na China.[5][6]

Desentendimentos com Chiang Kai-Shek

Ver artigo principal: Governo Nacional de Wuhan

Colaboracionismo Japonês

Kuomintang de Wang Jingwei

Ver artigo principal: Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)

Em 1939 Wang Jingwei se separou novamente do Kuomintang sob o controle de Chiang Kai-Shek, criando seu própio Kuomintang.

Governo Reorganizado da República da China

Ver artigo principal: Governo nacionalista de Nanquim

Em 1940, o Império do Japão ofereceu ao Kuomintang de Wang Jingwei o poder do recém criado Governo Reorganizado da República da China, que unificava todos os principais fantoches japoneses na China.

Referências

  1. «Wang Ching-wei». Encyclopædia Britannica 
  2. Wang Ke-Wan (2003); Irreversible Verdict? Historical Assessments of Wang Jingwei in the People’s Republic and Taiwan. Twentieth Century China. Vol. 28, No. 1, pág. 59
  3. Yang, Zhiyi (2023). «The Revolutionary». University of Michigan Press. Wang Jingwei and China in Dark Times: 25–60. ISBN 978-0-472-07650-5. doi:10.3998/mpub.12697845.10. Consultado em 3 de junho de 2024 
  4. LIN, CHAN CHENG (2013). «COURTING THE OVERSEAS CHINESE FOR THE 1911 REVOLUTION: WANG JINGWEI AND THE TONGMENGHUI IN SINGAPORE AND MALAYA, 1905-1911». Consultado em 3 de junho de 2024 
  5. Yang, Zhiyi (2017). «A Humanist in Wartime France: Wang Jingwei during the First World War». Poetica (1/2): 163–192. ISSN 0303-4178. Consultado em 3 de junho de 2024 
  6. «Xin Zhang. <italic>Social Transformation in Modern China: The State and Local Elites in Henan, 1900–1937</italic>. (Cambridge Modern China Series.) New York: Cambridge University Press. 2000. Pp. xvi, 320. $54.95». The American Historical Review. Abril de 2002. ISSN 1937-5239. doi:10.1086/ahr/107.2.522. Consultado em 3 de junho de 2024 

Bibliografia

  • Hsü, Immanuel C. Y. The Rise of Modern China (6th Edition), Oxford University Press (USA): Nueva York 2000.
  • David P. Barrett and Larry N. Shyu, eds.; Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation Stanford University Press 2001.
  • Gerald Bunker, The Peace Conspiracy; Wang Ching-wei and the China war, 1937–1941 Harvard University Press, 1972.
  • James C. Hsiung and Steven I. Levine, eds. China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945 M. E. Sharpe, 1992.
  • Ch'i Hsi-sheng, Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937–1945 University of Michigan Press, 1982.
  • Wen-Hsin Yeh, "Wartime Shanghai",Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.

Ligações externas

Commons
Commons
O Commons possui imagens e outros ficheiros sobre Wang Jingwei

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