Krit-tertiær-utryddinga

Badlands nær Drumheller i Alberta der erosjon har brakt K-T-grensa fram i dagen.
Stevns KlintStevnsSjælland i Danmark ligg òg K-T-grensa i dagen, merka med raud pil på fotografiet.
K–T-grensa langs Interstate 25 nær Raton Pass i Colorado. Den iridiumrike oska (grensa) er indikert av ei raud pil.

Krit-tertiær-utryddinga, som skjedde for om lag 65,5 millionar år sidan, var ei omfattande masseutrydding av dyr og planter i løpet av eit geologisk kort tidsrom. Hendinga vert òg kalla K-T-utryddinga og er knytt til K-T-grensa, som er eit tynt lag med sediment som er funne forskjellige stader på jorda. K er forkorting for den geologiske æraen krit og T for tertiær, eit historisk uttrykk for perioden som i dag er dekt av paleogen og neogen. Hendinga markerer slutten på mesozoikum og byrjinga på kenozoikum.[1] International Commission on Stratigraphy oppfordrar til å unngå bruk av uttrykket «tertiær», så K-T-utryddinga vert derfor av mange forskarar i dag kalla krit-paleogen-utryddinga (eller K-Pg).

Det er funne fossil av dinosaurar like under K-T-grensa og alle dinosaurar, bortsett frå fugledinosaurar, døydde ut like før eller under hendinga.[2] Det er funne nokre få dinosaurfossil over K-T-grensa, men desse funna vert forklart å vere «omarbeidd», fossil som har vorte erodet bort frå sine opphavlege plasseringar og så bevart i seinare sedimentlag.[3][4][5] Mosasaurar, svaneøgler, flygeøgler og mange planteartar og virvellause dyr døydde òg ut. Kladar av pattedyr og fuglar klarte seg godt gjennom hendinga og kor mange kladar som vart utrydda og som fylte dei tomme økologiske nisjane som oppstod varierte stort.[6]

Forskarar har lagt fram teoriar om at K-T-utryddinga oppstod på grunn av ei eller fleire katastrofale hendingar, som eit massivt asteroidenedslag eller auka vulkansk aktivitet. Fleire nedslagskrater og massive vulkanar i Deccan-trappene har vorte datert til omtrent tida då utryddinga skjedde. Desse geologiske hendingane kan ha redusert sollys og hindra fotosyntesen slik at økologien på jorda vart hardt råka. Andre forskarar meiner at utryddinga skjedde gradvis på grunn av endringar i havnivået eller klima.[6]

Kjelder

  1. Fortey R (1999). Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. Vintage. s. 238–260. ISBN 978-0375702617. 
  2. Fastovsky DE; Sheehan PM (2005). «The extinction of the dinosaurs in North America». GSA Today 15 (3): 4–10. doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2005)015<4:TEOTDI>2.0.CO;2. Henta 23. august 2008. 
  3. Robert E. Sloan; J. Keith Rigby Jr.; Leigh M. Van Valen; Diane Gabriel (1986). «Gradual dinosaur extinction og simultaneous ungulate radiation in the Hell Creek formation». Science 232 (4750): 629–633. PMID 17781415. Henta 18. mai 2007. 
  4. Fassett JE; Lucas SG; Zielinski RA; Budahn JR (2001). «Compelling new evidence for Paleocene dinosaurs in the Ojo Alamo Sandstone San Juan Basin, New Mexico og Colorado, USA» (PDF). International Conference on Catastrophic Events og Mass Extinctions: Impacts og Beyond, 9-12 July 2000, Vienna, Austria 1053: 45–46. Henta 23. august 2008. 
  5. Sullivan RM (2003). «No Paleocene dinosaurs in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico». Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 35 (5): 15. Henta 23. august 2008. 
  6. 6,0 6,1 MacLeod N; Rawson PF; Forey PL; Banner FT; Boudagher-Fadel MK; Bown PR; Burnett JA, Chambers P; Culver S; Evans SE; Jeffery C; Kaminski MA; Lord AR; Milner AC; Milner AR; Morris N; Owen E; Rosen BR; Smith AB; Taylor PD; Urquhart E; Young JR (1997). «The Cretaceous–Tertiary biotic transition». Journal of the Geological Society 154 (2): 265–292. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265. 

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