크라다이어족

크라다이어족
타이카다이, 따이까다이, 다이
지리적 분포중국 남부, 하이난섬,
인도차이나반도, 인도 북동부
계통적 분류일차적 어족 중 하나
하위 분류
글로톨로그taik1256[1]
타이카다이어족의 분포

크라다이어족(영어: Kra-Dai languages) 또는 타이카다이어족(영어: Tai-Kadai languages)은 동남아시아중국 남부에서 사용되는 여러 언어들의 어족이다. 대부분 성조를 음운적 특징으로 가진다. 크라다이어족을 중국 티베트어족의 중국어파, 티베트 버마어파 및 미얀마야오어 (미얀마야오어족 Miao-Yao))와 함께 중국 티베트제어라고 부른다.[2][3]

태국의 공용어인 태국어라오스의 공용어인 라오어가 속한다. 크라다이어족 언어 화자는 약 9천 3백만 명이며 그 중 60%는 태국어 화자이다.[4] 글로톨로그에 따르면 크라다이어족에는 94개의 언어가 속하고 그 중 60개는 따이어파에 속한다.[5]

중국 남부에서 크라다이어족의 다양성이 크게 나타나는 것으로 볼 때 크라다이어족은 중국 남부에서 기원했을 가능성이 높다. 실제로 태국 내의 크라다이어족 집단들은 언어적, 유전적으로 서로 매우 동질적이라는 연구 결과가 있다.[6]

명칭

본래 폴 K. 베네딕트 (1942)에 의해 처음 제시된 타이-카다이어족(Tai-Kadai)이라는 명칭이 많이 쓰였다. 베네딕트 (1942)는 크라어파의 3개 언어와 흘라이어파를 묶어 "카다이어파"(Kadai)로 이름 붙였는데 이는 거라오어에서 사람을 뜻하는 "ka"와 흘라이의 자기 명칭 중 하나인 "dai"를 합친 것이다.[7] 그의 이 분류는 크라 언어와 흘라이 언어가 오스트로네시아어족 계통의 수사들을 가지고 있다는 관찰에 기반한 것이다.

Weera Ostapirat (2000)는 종래 분류의 문제점을 지적하고 크라어파타이어파의 자기 명칭인 Kra와 Tai를 합하여 "크라-타이"(Kra-Tai)라는 이름을 제시하였다.[8] 이 명칭은 이후 다수의 해당 분야 학자들에 의해 채택되었다.

로저 블렌치 (2008)는 따이어족(Daic)이라는 명칭을 사용하였다.[9]

분류

크라다이어족은 대략적으로 5개의 언어군으로 묶을 수 있다.(Ostapirat 2005)

한편 다음과 같은 언어는 다른 언어와의 접촉에 의해 명확한 분류가 어려우며, 별개의 분파를 이룰 수도 있다.

같이 보기

각주

  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, 편집. (2023). 〈Tai–Kadai〉. 《Glottolog 4.8》. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 
  2. 『講座 言語 第6巻 世界の言語』北村甫編、橋本萬太郎ら共著(大修館書店)
  3. 『世界の言語と国のハンドブック』下宮忠雄(大学書林)
  4. “Taikadai”. 《www.languagesgulper.com》 (영어). 2017년 10월 15일에 확인함. 
  5. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, 편집. (2023). 〈Daic〉. 《Glottolog 4.8》. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 
  6. Srithawong, Suparat; Srikummool, Metawee; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat; Ghirotto, Silvia; Chantawannakul, Panuwan; Sun, Jie; Eisenberg, Arthur; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Kutanan, Wibhu (July 2015). “Genetic and linguistic correlation of the Kra-Dai-speaking groups in Thailand”. 《Journal of Human Genetics》 60 (7): 371–380. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.32. ISSN 1435-232X. PMID 25833471. 
  7. Benedict, Paul K. (1942). “Thai, Kadai, and Indonesian: A New Alignment in Southeastern Asia”. 《American Anthropologist》 44 (4): 576–601. doi:10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00040. JSTOR 663309. 
  8. Ostapirat, Weera. (2000). "Proto-Kra." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1–251.
  9. Blench, Roger. 2008. The Prehistory of the Daic (Tai-Kadai) Speaking Peoples 보관됨 29 4월 2019 - 웨이백 머신. Presented at the 12th EURASEAA meeting Leiden, 1–5 September 2008. (PPT slides)

참고 문헌

  • Edmondson, J.A. and D.B. Solnit eds. 1997. Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. ISBN 0-88312-066-6
  • Blench, Roger. 2004. Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology? Paper for the Symposium "Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence". Geneva June 10–13, 2004. Université de Genève.

추가 문헌

  • Chamberlain, James R. (2016). Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam. Journal of the Siam Society, 104, 27-76.
  • Diller, A., J. Edmondson, & Yongxian Luo, ed., (2005). The Tai–Kadai languages. London [etc.]: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1457-X
  • Edmondson, J. A. (1986). Kam tone splits and the variation of breathiness.
  • Edmondson, J. A., & Solnit, D. B. (eds.) (1988). Comparative Kadai: linguistic studies beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics, no. 86. Arlington, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 0-88312-066-6
  • Mann, Noel, Wendy Smith and Eva Ujlakyova. 2009. Linguistic clusters of Mainland Southeast Asia: an overview of the language families. Archived 2019년 3월 24일 - 웨이백 머신 Chiang Mai: Payap University.
  • Ostapirat, Weera. (2000). "Proto-Kra." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1-251.
  • Somsonge Burusphat, & Sinnott, M. (1998). Kam–Tai oral literatures: collaborative research project between. Salaya Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. ISBN 974-661-450-9

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