海峡を挟んで西側は、ドーフィン島[2]に始まる一連のバリア諸島に続いている。ドーフィン島の北西にリトルドーフィン島があり、一連の小さな島の間にモービル湾に入る2つめの海峡、グラントの海峡がある[3]。ドーフィン島の南にも幾つかの小島や浅瀬があり、モービル湾入口より南10マイル (16 km) ほどの主水路となっている[4]。
テネシーはその機械類や大砲を装備する前にモービル湾に進水し、その後に完成された。完工してからは、ドッグ川砂州を横切りモービル湾下流に入る必要があった。テネシーの喫水は13フィート (4 m) あり、砂州の水深は満潮時でも9フィート (3 m) だったので、砂州を通すためには造船所で「キャメル」と呼ばれた一組のケーソンを造る必要があった。これらのケーソンを船腹に取り付けて水を抜き、かろうじて砂州を通過するだけ浮き上がらせた。1864年5月18日、テネシーは無事モービル湾下流に入った[23]。
1864年8月3日、ゲインズ砦包囲戦に備えて、1,500名が砦の西約15マイル (24 km) で、ファラガット戦隊の1艦から保護されながら上陸した。この部隊はイリノイ第77志願歩兵連隊、アイオワ第34志願歩兵連隊、オハイオ第96連隊から抽出した歩兵部隊であり、またメリーランド第3志願騎兵連隊からの騎兵もいた。ゴードン・グレンジャー少将がこの分遣隊の総指揮官となり、8月4日夕方まで行軍して、ゲインズ砦から半マイル (800 m) 足らずの位置に塹壕を掘り、散兵線を形成した。
ゲインズ砦が降伏してから間もなく、グレンジャーは部隊をドーフィン島からモーガン砦背後の本土に繋ぐ細い陸地に移した。モーガン砦の大砲射程に入らない約4マイル (6.4 km) 離れた地点に抵抗も無く上陸した。即座に砦の状態が調査され、モービル市との通信手段が全て遮断された。
グレンジャーは砦に対して通常の攻城法に取りかかった。すなわち塹壕あるいはその他の防御線を構築して対象に近付いていき、最後はその壁を破って突撃で奪うというものだった。最初の防御線は既にあった。砦の守備隊が準備していた塹壕線であり、何らかの理由で放棄されていた。砦から1,400ヤード (1,300 m) の位置にあり、少し遠かったが十分役には立った。さらに並行した防御線が大した障害も無く造られた。工作者は砂丘の陰で働くことができた。
(訳注:米語には本海戦に因む"Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead"という地口がある。「機雷が何だ、全速前進」つまり"リスクに構わず全力で進め"という程度の意味だが、以下の記述はその由来を説明している。なお、torpedoは現代では魚雷を意味するが、この海戦の当時は機雷を指した)
^ORA I, v. 39/1, p. 402. The start date is formal; it is the day the landing force went aboard their transports. The first day of contact between opposing forces was August 4.
^Sometimes spelled Dauphine in contemporary accounts.
^Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy, p. 20. Kinney, Battles and leaders, v. 4, p. 384, map.
^Luraghi, History of the Confederate Navy, p. 187. ORA I, v. 6, pp. 398, 826, 835.
^The only other remaining port was St. Marks, Florida, which was too small for most steamships, and furthermore lacked rail connections with the interior. See Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy, pp. 80–81.
^Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy, pp, 168–180; appendices 11–14.
^Scharf, History of the Confederate States Navy, pp. 537–549.
^Scharf, History of the Confederate States Navy, pp. 790–791.
^Friend, West wind, flood tide, p. 51. Kinney, Battles and leaders, v. 4, p. 385.
^ORN I, v. 21, p. 528. The piles also thwarted early CS Navy plans for cooperation between the defenses of Mobile and New Orleans. See Still, Iron afloat, p. 189.
^Faust, Encyclopedia of the Civil War, entry for Fort Morgan.
^Maury's report, ORA I, v. 39/1, p. 417. Canby asserted in his report (ORA I, v. 39/1, p. 403) that 818 enlisted men and 46 officers were captured with the surrender of Fort Gaines; this number is quoted by Friend, West wind, flood tide, p. 156. The discrepancy may be caused by the failure of Maury to include in his accounting reinforcements he rushed to the fort when he thought that the invaders could be repulsed (ORA I, v. 39/1, p. 417). On the other hand, all such numbers in the Civil War are unreliable.
^Friend, West wind, flood tide, pp. 74–75, 120–122. ORA I, v. 39/1, pp. 410, 411.
^Friend, West wind, flood tide, pp. 57–58. ORN I, v. 21, p. 364. ORA I, v. 39/1, p. 414.
^Friend, West wind, flood tide, pp. 137–139. ORA I, v. 39/1, p. 433.
^Friend, West wind, flood tide, pp. 67, 125. ORN I, v. 21, p. 373.
^Opposing forces (Confederate), Battles and leaders, v. 4, p. 400.
^Johnston, Battles and leaders, v. 4, p. 401. But see Still, Iron afloat, p. 196.
^Still, Iron afloat,, p. 190. Another tie between Tennessee and Virginia is that Chief Naval Constructor John L. Porter was active in the design of each. This is not surprising, as most Confederate ironclads were prepared from Porter's basic designs. See Still, p. 94.
^Early in the war, Alabama had acquired steamer Baltic and converted her into an ironclad ram, to serve in and near Mobile Bay. She was never effective, however, and her armor was removed to be used on another vessel, CSS Nashville: Still, Iron afloat, pp. 80–81, 192.
^Cahore, Naval campaigns of the Civil War, p. 187.
^Farragut had tried to pass the Confederate works at Port Hudson on March 14, 1863, in support of the Vicksburg campaign. Although only two of his seven ships got through, the attempt was regarded as a success. See Anderson, By sea and by river, p. 145.
^Friend, West wind, flood tide, p. 154. ORN I, v. 21, pp. 416–417.
^Calore, Naval campaigns of the Civil War, p. 189.
^Friend, West wind, flood tide, p. 166. ORN I, v. 21, p. 415–418.
^Friend, West wind, flood tide, p. 168. ORN I, v. 21, p. 418. The disposition of the Confederate ships was in what would come to be known as "crossing the T."
^In an early account of the battle, Rear Admiral Foxhall A. Parker speculated that the poor steering of his monitor forced Craven's hand; see Friend, West wind, flood tide, p. 178.
^Faust, Encyclopedia of the Civil War, entry "Mobile, Siege of."
^Gaines, W. Craig (2008). Encyclopedia of Civil War Shipwrecks. LSU Press. pp. 1–8. ISBN978-0-8071-3274-6
参考文献
Anderson, Bern, By Sea and by River: The Naval History of the Civil War. Alfred A. Knopf, 1962; reprint, Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80367-4
Calore, Paul, Naval Campaigns of the Civil War. Jefferson, N. C.:McFarland, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7864-1217-4
Duffy, James P., Lincoln's Admiral: The Civil War Campaigns of David Farragut. Wiley, 1997. ISBN 0-471-04208-0
Faust, Patricia L., Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War. Harper and Rowe, 1986. ISBN 0-06-181261-7
Friend, Jack, West Wind, Flood Tide: The Battle of Mobile Bay. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2004. ISBN 978-1-59114-292-8
Johnson, Robert Underwood and Clarence Clough Buel, eds. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Century, c. 1894. Reprint ed., Castle, n.d.
Johnston, James D., "The Ram 'Tennessee' at Mobile Bay." Vol. 4, pp. 401–406.
Kinney, John Coddington, "Farragut at Mobile Bay." Vol. 4, pp. 379–400.
Marston, Joseph, "The lashing of Admiral Farragut in the rigging." Vol. 4, pp. 407–408.
Page, Richard L., "The Defense of Fort Morgan." Vol. 4, pp. 408–410.
Watson, J. Crittenden, "The lashing of Admiral Farragut in the rigging." Vol. 4, pp. 406–407.
Levin, Kevin M., "Mobile Bay", Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A political, Social, and Military History, Heidler, David S., and Heidler, Jeanne T., eds. W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.
Luraghi, Raimondo, A History of the Confederate Navy. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1996. ISBN 1-55750-527-6
McPherson, James M., Battle cry of freedom. Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-503863-0
Musicant, Ivan, Divided waters: the naval history of the Civil War. HarperCollins, 1995. ISBN 0-06-016482-4
Scharf, J. Thomas, History of the Confederate States Navy from its organization to the surrender of its last vessel; etc. New York, Rogers & Sherwood, 1887; reprint, Gramercy, 1996.
Simson, Jay W., Naval Strategies of the Civil War: Confederate Innovations and Federal Opportunism. Nashville, Tenn.: Cumberland House, 2001. ISBN 1-58182-195-6
Still, William N. Jr. Iron Afloat: The Story of the Confederate Armorclads. Vanderbilt University Press, 1971. Reprint, University of South Carolina Press, 1985. ISBN 0-87249-454-3
Tucker, Spencer, Blue & Gray Navies: The Civil War Afloat. Naval Institute Press, 2006. ISBN 1-59114-882-0
United States. Naval History Division, Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861–1865. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961–65.
Wise, Stephen R., Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War. University of South Carolina Press, 1988. ISBN 0-87249-554-X
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