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注
^Maury Klein, Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War (Knopf, 1997) p 22
^
"From February into the late spring, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas were considered border states" says David Stephen Heidler et al, eds. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War (2002) p. 252
^Daniel W. Crofts, Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis (1989)