Aplogruppi mitocondriali umani

Nel campo della genetica umana, gli aplogruppi del DNA mitocondriale sono raggruppamenti di mutazioni (aplotipi) definiti dalle differenze tra un totale di 16569 paia di basi nel DNA del mitocondrio umano e questi gruppi rappresentano geneticamente l'eredità per relazione di parentela matrilineare di tutte le popolazioni umane, le loro origini ed i processi migratori.

Lo studio degli aplogruppi ha fornito risultati particolarmente significativi: le migrazioni dell'uomo parlano di un'origine nell'Africa orientale[1] e in base all'assunto che un individuo erediti i mitocondri solo dalla propria madre, tutti gli esseri umani hanno una linea di discendenza femminile che deriva da una donna che i ricercatori hanno soprannominato Eva mitocondriale, circa 190.000 anni fa.[2]

Aplogruppi principali

Si è stabilito un sistema per classificare filogeneticamente gli aplogruppi mitocondriali basato sulle lettere da A a Z:

Aplogruppi mitocondriali umani
  Eva mitocondriale (L)    
L0 L1 L2 L3   L4 L5 L6
  M N  
CZ D E G Q   A I  O   R   S W X Y
C Z B F R0   JT P  U
HV J T  K
H V

Migrazioni

L'Homo sapiens secondo studi mitocondriali è originario dell'Africa (circa 200 000 anni fa) e ha poi colonizzato l'Eurasia (circa 65.000 anni fa)[3] seguendo la costa meridionale dell'Asia.[4] Rimangono discendenti di queste popolazioni in India, nel SudEst asiatico, e l'Oceania (circa 50.000 anni fa), e infine l'America (da circa quindicimila anni fa). I gruppi che partono dall'Africa, si sarebbero successivamente dispersi, colonizzando le altre regioni del mondo e sostituendo le popolazioni non moderne che vi vivevano, quali i neandertaliani in Europa e gli Homo erectus in Asia.[5] Così gli Europei, gli Asiatici, i Nativi americani e gli Aborigeni australiani, risultano essere un unico gruppo relazionato (monofiletico).

Mappa delle migrazioni dell'uomo secondo gli Aplogruppi e i Macroaplogruppi mitocondriali (numeri sono gli anni prima del presente).

Distribuzione

Macroaplogruppi

Gli aplogruppi mitocondriali possono aggrupparsi in 4 grandi aplogruppi con estesa distribuzione:

  • L: Rappresenta l'origine africana dell'uomo e le prime migrazioni dentro l'Africa subsahariana.
    • M Lignaggio originato in India circa 60.000 anni fa e con una distribuzione specialmente nell'Eurasia orientale.
    • N Lignaggio fratello di M e disperso attraverso tutti i continenti.
      • R Discendente principale di N e con una distribuzione specialmente nell'Eurasia occidentale.

Albero filogenetico

Note

  1. ^ Mary Katherine Gonder et al. 2006, Whole-mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages.
  2. ^ Pedro Soares et al 2009, Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock.. and its Supplemental Data. (PDF) (archiviato dall'url originale il 29 dicembre 2009). The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 84, Issue 6, 740-759, 04 June 2009
  3. ^ Macaulay Vincent et al 2005, Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes, Science 1034-1036 DOI: 10.1126/science.1109792
  4. ^ Metspalu M. et al 2006, Human Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo sapiens..
  5. ^ Brunetto Chiarelli 2003, Dalla natura alla cultura: principi di antropologia biologica e culturale.
  6. ^ a b Sarah A. Tishkoff et al. 2007, History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation.. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195
  7. ^ Quintana-Murci et al. 2008. Maternal traces of deep common ancestry and asymmetric gene flow between Pygmy hunter–gatherers and Bantu-speaking farmers. 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'. 105(5): 1599
  8. ^ K. Abu-Amero et al. 2008, Mitochondrial DNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula.. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:45

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