Pneumoloxía

Imaxe en movemento dos pulmóns

A pneumoloxía é a especialidade médica responsábel das patoloxías das vías aéreas inferiores, isto é, traquea, bronquios, bronquíolos e pulmóns.

Doenzas tratadas

Algunhas das enfermidades que máis adoitan ser tratadas por esta especialidade atópanse a apnea obstrutiva do sono, a enfermidade ou doenza pulmonar obstrutiva crónica (DPOC ou EPOC), os diferentes tipos de pneumonías, a fibrose quística, a tuberculose, micoses pulmonares, doenzas pulmonares intersticiais, trastornos vasculares dos pulmóns, doenzas autoinmunes de afectación pulmonar e as pneumoconioses.

Avaliación

Alén da avaliación clínica, os pneumólogos tamén son quen de realizar exames espirométricos para avaliar a función respiratoria. Polo xeral, considérase unha especialidade da medicina interna, aínda que se relaciona intimamente coa medicina intensiva polo feito de trataren aos doentes que precisan ventilación mecánica. A cirurxía da zona respiratoria é realizada polos cirurxiáns torácicos. Os médicos especialistas neste eido denomínanse pneumólogos.

Historia da pneumoloxía

Un dos primeiros descubrimentos importantes relevantes para o campo da pneumoloxía foi o descubrimento da circulación pulmonar. Orixinalmente, pensábase que o sangue que chegaba ao lado dereito do corazón pasaba a través de pequenos 'poros' no septo ao lado esquerdo para ser osixenado, como teorizou Galeno; porén, o descubrimento da circulación pulmonar desmente esta teoría, que xa fora aceptada desde o século II. O anatomista e fisiólogo Ibn Al-Nafis do século XIII teorizou con precisión que non había un paso "directo" entre os dous lados (ventrículos) do corazón. Cría que o sangue debía pasar pola arteria pulmonar, polos pulmóns e de volta ao corazón para ser bombeado bombeado polo corpo. Moitos cren que esta é a primeira descrición científica da circulación pulmonar.[1]

Aínda que a medicina pulmonar só comezou a evolucionar como especialidade médica na década de 1950, William Welch e William Osler fundaron a organización matriz ou "nai" da Sociedade Torácica Americana (American Thoracic Society), a Asociación Nacional para o Estudo e a Prevención da Tuberculose.[2] En España, a Lei de especialidades de 1977 dividiu a especialidade de "pulmón e corazón" en cardiólogos e neumólogos.

O coidado, tratamento e estudo da tuberculose pulmonar é recoñecida ás veces como unha disciplina de seu.[3] Cando a especialidade comezou a evolucionar, fixéronse varios descubrimentos que vinculaban o sistema respiratorio e a medición de gases no sangue arterial, atraendo cada vez máis médicos e investigadores ao campo en desenvolvemento.[4]

Notas

  1. Sharif Kaf A-Ghazal (2002). "O descubrimento da circulación pulmonar: quen debería recibir o crédito: ibn Al-Nafis ou William Harvey" (PDF). Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 2: 46. Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 2010-06-12. Consultado o 2010-07-17. 
  2. Jacobs, Henry Barton (1904-12-03). "National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis.". Journal of the American Medical Association. XLIII (23): 1712–1712. ISSN 0002-9955. doi:10.1001/jama.1904.02500230042014. 
  3. Lauzardo, Michael; Ashkin, David (2000-05 -01). "Ftisioloxía nos albores do século novo". Chest (Peito) 117 (5): 1455–1473. ISSN 0012-3692. PMID 10807837. doi:10.1378/chest.117.5.1455. 
  4. [http: //www.hopkinsmedicine.org/pulmonary/about/history.html Historia da División] "Copia arquivada". Archived from the original on 11 de agosto de 2017. Consultado o 25 de marzo de 2022. . Hopkinsmedicine.org. Consultado o 30-09-2011.

Véxase tamén

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