Moghol (langue)

Moghol
Pays Afghanistan
Région Province de Hérât
Nombre de locuteurs 200[1]
Classification par famille
Codes de langue
IETF mhj
ISO 639-3 mhj
Étendue langue individuelle
Type langue vivante
Glottolog mogh1245
État de conservation
Éteinte

EXÉteinte
Menacée

CREn situation critique
SESérieusement en danger
DEEn danger
VUVulnérable
Sûre

NE Non menacée
Langue en situation critique (CR) au sens de l’Atlas des langues en danger dans le monde .

Le moghol est une langue mongole parlée dans la province de Hérât, en Afghanistan, par les Moghols, des descendants de soldats mongols installées à l'époque des conquêtes de Genghis Khan au XIIIe siècle ou de Babur au XVIe siècle.

Dans les années 1970, lorsque le chercheur allemand Michael Weiers a fait un travail de terrain sur la langue, peu de gens la parlaient, et la plupart avaient plus de quarante ans.

La langue est quasiment éteinte[2].

Phonologie

Voyelles

Antérieure Centrale Postérieure
Fermée i [i] u [u]
Moyenne e [e] o [o]
Ouverte a [a]
  • Le moghol présente un système vocalique particulier[3]:

Les voyelles mongoles [ø] et [y] ont disparu.

olas-, (mongol littéraire ölüs-)
nidun, œil (mongol littéraire, nidün)

Des diphtongues correspondent aux séquences /-VgV-/, /VγV-/, /-VyV-/[4] du mongol littéraire.

toa, nombre (mongol littéraire toγa)
doun, (mongol littéraire degün)

Consonnes

    Bilabiale Dentale Latérale Palatale Vélaire Uvulaire
Occlusives Sourdes p [p] t [t] k [k] q [q]
Sonores b [b] d [d] g [g] ɢ [ɢ]
Fricatives s [s] ʃ [ʃ] x [x]
Affriquées Sourdes [t͡ʃ]
Aspirée dʒ [d͡ʒ]
Nasales m [m] n [n]   ŋ [ŋ]
Liquides r [r] l [l]
Semi-voyelles j [j]

Notes et références

  1. Selon Ethnologue.com
  2. Svantesson et al., 2005, p. 154.
  3. Exemples tirés de Kuzmenkov, 1997, p. 92.
  4. Où / V / signifie voyelle.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

  • (ru) Е. А. Кузьменков, « Могольский язык », dans Языки Мира, Монгольские языки, тунгусо-маньчжурские языки, японские язык, корейский язык, Moscou, Izdatelʹstvo Indrik,‎ (ISBN 5-85759-047-7)
  • (en) The Phonology of Mongolian, Oxford, Oxford University Press, coll. « The Phonology of the World’s Languages », (1re éd. 2005) (ISBN 978-0-19-955427-0)

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