Kabul

Kabul
کابل
hiria
Administrazioa
Estatu burujabe Afganistan
Afganistango probintziaKabul probintzia
Afganistango barrutiaKabul District
AlkateaHamdullah Nomani (en) Itzuli
Jatorrizko izenaکابل
Geografia
Koordenatuak34°31′58″N 69°09′57″E / 34.5328°N 69.1658°E / 34.5328; 69.1658
Map
Azalera275 km²
Altuera1.790 m
Demografia
Biztanleria4.273.156 (2020)
Dentsitatea15.539 bizt/km²
Informazio gehigarria
Sorrera1200 (egutegi gregorianoa)
Ordu eremuaUTC+04:30
Hiri senidetuakAnkara, Kazan, Omaha, Kansas City eta Istanbul

Kabul[1] paxtuneraz: کابل‎‎Kābəl, kɑˈbəl ahoskatua; persieraz: کابل‎‎Kābol, kɒːˈbol ahoskatua) Afganistango hiriburua eta hiririk handiena da. 2021eko estimazioen arabera, 4,6 milioi biztanle zituen[2][3]. Bere urbanizazio azkarraren ondorioz, munduko 75. hiririk handiena da[4]. Kabuleko probintziako hiriburua ere bada, eta Kabul ibaiak zeharkatzen duen haraneko gune ekonomiko eta kultural garrantzitsua.

Kabul Hindu Kush mendien arteko bailara estu baten goiko aldean dago. Bere inguruan Kabul ibaia dago. 1.790 metroko altuerarekin, munduko hiribururik garaienetako bat da. Akamenestar Inperioaren garaitik daude Kabulen inguruko albisteak, eta esaten da 3.500 urte izan ditzakeela. Asiako bidegurutze garrantzitsua da, Istanbul eta Hanoiren artean erdibidean, Hegoaldeko Asia eta Erdialdeko Asiako merkataritza bideetan garrantzia du, baita Zetaren Bidean ere[5]. Hiria, historian zehar, hainbat inperio eta dinastien pean izan da, tartean Seleukotarrak, Kuxanak, Shahi Hindu eta Turkiarrak, Samandarrak, Khwarazmiarrak, Timurtarrak, Mondoliarrak eta beste batzuk. XVI. mendena Mogol Inperioaren udako hiruburua izan zen, garapen handia izan zuen garaia[6]. Afxariden dinastiaren kontrolpean izan zen tarte batez, Nader Shahk India inbaditu zuenean, baina Durrani Inperioaren parte izan zen berriro 1747an[7]. 1776an Afghanistango hiruburu bilakatu zen, Timur Shah Durraniren erregealdian[8]. XIX. mendean Britainiarrek hiria okupatu zuten, baina nazioarteko harremanak ezarri ostean, herrialdetik ihes egin zuten.

Historia

Kabulgo historia hiru mila urteko suntsipen eta berreraikitze historia da. VII. mendean arabiarrek hiria konkistatu zuten. Baburrek (1504 - 1526) Kabul Mogol Inperioaren hiriburu bihurtu zuen. Nadir Xahek, Irango xahek, 1738an konkistatu zuen. 1773an Kabul Afganistango hiriburu bihurtu zen. Britainiarrek 1839an hartu zuten hiria, Lehenengo Anglo-Afganiar Gerran, eta 1842an sute batek zati bat suntsitu zuen. 1879an, Bigarren Anglo-Afganiar Gerran zehar, matxinatu eta britainiar meneko asko hil zituzten.

1979ko abenduaren 23an, Sobietar Batasunak hiria okupatu eta bere kuartel militar nagusia ezarri zuen. Gerrak hamar urte iraun zuen errusiarrek 1989an Afganistan utzi zuten arte. Hala ere, errusiarrak erretiratu ondoren, Kabulgo kaleetan 50.000 pertsona hil zituen gerra zibila piztu zen. 1996an, gerran zeuden hainbat fakzioren bonbardaketak jasan zituen garai kaotiko baten ondoren, hiria talibanen kontrolpean geratu zen.

'Terrorismoaren aurkako gerra' deklaratu ondoren, Estatu Batuek, beste herrialde batzuen laguntzarekin, Afganistani eraso zioten Afganistango Gerran. 2001eko azaroaren 9an, Iparraldeko Aliantzak, Mendebaldeak babestutako miliziak, hiria hartu zuen. Ordutik, hiria Nazio Batuen kontrolpean egon da eta ISAFen laguntza militarra zuen. Talibanen erregimenean (1994-2001), Afganistango hiriburu ez ofiziala eta Omar mularen egoitza ez zen Kabul, hegoaldeko Kandahar hiria baizik. Ordutik aurrera, Kabul Afganistango Trantsizioko Behin-behineko Gobernuaren egoitza bihurtu zen, eta, ondoren, Afganistango Errepublika Islamiko berriaren hiriburu konstituzionala.

Horren ondoren, Kabulek borrokaldiak eta erasoak izaten jarraitu zuen, lasaitasun eta kezka aldiak tartekatuz. Indarkeria gorabehera, hiria biztanleei zein jarduera ekonomikoei dagokienez garatu zen. 2021eko abuztuaren 15ean, Kabul talibanen eskuetan erori zen. Nazioarteko aireportua bakarrik geratu zen talibanen eskuetatik kanpo. Abuztuaren 26an, ostegunean, atentatu suizida bikoitza gertatu zen aireportuan. Abuztuaren 30ean, astelehena, nazioarteko aireportua ere talibanen eskuetan erori zen.

Banaketa administratiboa

Kabul hiriak auzo hauek ditu:

  • Shahr-e Naw (Hiri Berria)
  • Wazir Akbar Khan
  • Macrorayon (1, 2, 3 eta 4)
  • Khair Khana (1, 2 etay 3)
  • Murrad Jani
  • Dashti Barchi
  • Kartey Sakhi
  • Qalai Wazir
  • Khushhall Khan
  • Afshar
  • Kharabat
  • Klola Pushta y Taimani
  • Kartey Parwan
  • Kartey Naw (Auzo Berria)
  • Kartey (3 eta 4)
  • Darul-Aman
  • Chehlstoon
  • Chendawol
  • Shahr-e Kohna (Alde Zaharra)
  • Deh Buri
  • Bibi Mahroo

Gainera barrutitan banaturik dago, 1etik 17ra bitartean.

Klima

    Datu klimatikoak (Kabul (1956–1983))    
 Hila   Urt   Ots   Mar   Api   Mai   Eka   Uzt   Abu   Ira   Urr   Aza   Abe   Urtekoa 
Erregistraturiko tenperatura maximoa (°C) 14 23 25 28 35 37 38 40 36 32 25 19 40
Batez besteko tenperatura maximoa (°C) 4.5 5.5 12.5 19.2 24.4 30.2 32.1 32.0 28.5 22.4 15.0 8.3 19.6
Batez besteko tenperatura minimoa (°C) −7.1 −5.7 0.7 6.0 8.8 12.4 15.3 14.3 9.4 3.9 −1.2 −4.7 4.3
Erregistraturiko tenperatura minimoa (°C) -21 -21 -14 -3 1 6 11 8 2 -3 -15 -15 -21
Pilatutako prezipitazioa (mm) 34.3 60.1 67.9 71.9 23.4 1.0 6.2 1.6 1.7 3.7 18.6 21.6 312.0
Euri egunak (≥ 1 mm) 1 3 10 11 8 1 2 1 1 2 4 2 46
Elur egunak (≥ 1 mm) 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .5 3.5
Eguzki orduak 176.7 180.8 204.6 234.0 310.0 354.0 356.5 341.0 303.0 282.1 252.0 182.9 3177.6
Iturria: HKO [9]

Kabuldar ospetsuak

Hiri eta herria senidetuak

Erreferentziak

  1. Euskaltzaindia. (2012-06-29). 171. araua: Asiako toponimia. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2013-02-11).
  2. «Wayback Machine» web.archive.org (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-03-28).
  3. «Population of Cities in Afghanistan (2022)» worldpopulationreview.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-03-28).
  4. «City Mayors: Largest cities in the world and their mayors - 1 to 300» www.citymayors.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-03-28).
  5. (Ingelesez) «Afghanistan: The Heart of Silk Road in Asia» thediplomat.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-03-28).
  6. Samrin, Farah. (2005). «THE CITY OF KABUL UNDER THE MUGHALS» Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 66: 1303–1308. ISSN 2249-1937. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-03-28).
  7. «AISK - American International School of Kabul» web.archive.org 2010-08-30 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-03-28).
  8. (Ingelesez) Hanifi, Shah Mahmoud. (2011-02-11). Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier. Stanford University Press ISBN 978-0-8047-7777-3. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-03-28).
  9. Climatological Normals of Kabul. Hong Kongeko Behatokia (Noiz kontsultatua: 2011-05-02).
  10. Cultures and Globalization: Cities, Cultural Policy and Governance by Helmut K Anheier, p.376

Kanpo estekak

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