Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent

A serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), also known as a triple releasing agent (TRA), is a type of drug which induces the release of serotonin, norepinephrine/epinephrine, and dopamine in the brain and body. SNDRAs produce euphoriant, entactogen, and psychostimulant effects, and are almost exclusively encountered as recreational drugs.

A closely related type of drug is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI).

Examples of SNDRAs

Examples of SNDRAs include specific amphetamines such as MDMA, MDA, 4-methylamphetamine, methamphetamine (in high doses), certain substituted benzofurans such as 5-APB and 6-APB, naphthylisopropylamine; cathinones such as mephedrone and methylone; tryptamines such as αMT and αET; along with agents of other chemical classes such as 4,4'-DMAR, and 5-IAI.^[1] αET and αMT are of special notability among SNDRAs in that those tryptamines were once used as pharmaceutical drugs, specifically as antidepressants, but were withdrawn shortly after introduction in the 1960s due to problems with toxicity and recreational use.^[2]^[3]^[4] Such tryptamines were originally thought to act as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) before the signature monoamine-releasing actions were elucidated.^[3]^[4] Many years after being withdrawn, αET was also determined to produce serotonergic neurotoxicity, similarly to MDMA and various other SNDRAs; the same is very likely true for αMT as well, although it has not specifically been assessed.^[5]

Mechanism of action

References

^ Bruce E. Blough, Richard Rothman, Antonio Landavazo, Kevin M. Page, Ann Marie Decker. Phenylmorpholines and analogues thereof. US Patent 2013/0203752
^ Donald G. Barceloux (20 March 2012). Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 196–. ISBN 978-0-471-72760-6.
^ ^a ^b Leslie Iversen (11 November 2013). Handbook of Psychopharmacology: Volume 14 Affective Disorders: Drug Actions in Animals and Man. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 132–. ISBN 978-1-4613-4045-4.
^ ^a ^b Biological Research on Addiction: Comprehensive Addictive Behaviors and Disorders. Academic Press. 17 May 2013. pp. 632–. ISBN 978-0-12-398360-2.
^ Huang, Xuemei; Johnson, Michael P.; Nichols, David E. (1991). "Reduction in brain serotonin markers by α-ethyltryptamine (Monase)". European Journal of Pharmacology. 200 (1): 187–190. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(91)90686-K. ISSN 0014-2999. PMID 1722753.

External links

Media related to Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents at Wikimedia Commons

Monoamine releasing agents

DRAs

Morpholines: Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide Morazone Morforex Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine
Oxazolines: 4-MAR Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone
Phenethylamines: 2-OH-PEA 4-CAB 4-FA 4-FMA 4-MA 4-MMA Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil β-Me-PEA BDB BOH Benzphetamine Buphedrone Butylone Cathine Cathinone Clobenzorex Clortermine D-Deprenyl DMA DMMA Dimethylamphetamine Ephedrine Ethcathinone EBDB Ethylone Etilamfetamine Famprofazone Fenethylline Fenproporex Flephedrone Fludorex Furfenorex Hordenine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine Iofetamine (123I) Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine Mefenorex Mephedrone Metamfepramone Methamphetamine Dextromethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine Methcathinone Methedrone MMDA MMDMA MBDB MDA (tenamfetamine) MDEA MDMA (midomafetamine) MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Methylone Morforex Ortetamine pBA pCA pIA Pholedrine Phenethylamine Pholedrine Phenpromethamine Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Tiflorex Tyramine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine
Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP BZP MBZP MDBZP MeOPP oMPP
Others: 2-ADN 2-AI 2-AT 4-BP 5-APDI 5-IAI Amineptine Clofenciclan Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Feprosidnine Gilutensin Heptaminol Hexacyclonate Indanorex Isometheptene Methylhexanamine Naphthylaminopropane Octodrine Phthalimidopropiophenone Phenylbiguanide Propylhexedrine

NRAs

Morpholines: Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide Morazone Morforex Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine
Oxazolines: 4-MAR Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone
Phenethylamines: 2-OH-PEA 4-CAB 4-FA 4-FMA 4-MA 4-MMA Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine Dextroamphetamine Levoamphetamine Amphetaminil β-Me-PEA BDB Benzphetamine BOH Buphedrone Butylone Cathine Cathinone Clobenzorex Clortermine Dimethylamphetamine DMA DMMA EBDB Ephedrine Ethcathinone Ethylone Etilamfetamine Famprofazone Fenethylline Fenproporex Flephedrone Fludorex Furfenorex Hordenine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 5-APDI (IAP) Iofetamine (123I) Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine MBDB MDA (tenamfetamine) MDEA MDMA (midomafetamine) Metamfepramone MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Mefenorex Mephedrone Mephentermine Methamphetamine Dextromethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine Methcathinone Methedrone Methylone Morforex Naphthylaminopropane Ortetamine pBA pCA Pentorex Phenethylamine Pholedrine Phenpromethamine Phentermine Phenylpropanolamine pIA Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Selegiline (also D-Deprenyl) Tiflorex Tyramine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine
Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP BZP MBZP mCPP MDBZP MeOPP oMPP pFPP
Others: 2-ADN 2-AI 2-AT 2-BP 4-BP 5-IAI Clofenciclan Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Feprosidnine Gilutensin Heptaminol Hexacyclonate Indanorex Isometheptene Methylhexanamine Octodrine Phthalimidopropiophenone Propylhexedrine Tuaminoheptane

SRAs

Aminoindanes: 5-IAI AMMI ETAI MDAI MDMAI MMAI TAI
Aminotetralins: 6-CAT 8-OH-DPAT MDAT MDMAT
Oxazolines: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Clominorex Fluminorex
Phenethylamines: 2-Methyl-MDA 4-CAB 4-FA 4-FMA 4-HA 4-MTA 5-APDB 5-Methyl-MDA 6-APDB 6-Methyl-MDA AEMMA Amiflamine BDB BOH Brephedrone Butylone Chlorphentermine Cloforex Amfepramone Metamfepramone DCA Dexfenfluramine DFMDA DMA DMMA EBDB EDMA Ethylone Etolorex Fenfluramine Flephedrone Flucetorex IAP Iofetamine Levofenfluramine Lophophine MBDB MDA (tenamfetamine) MDEA MDHMA MDMA (midomafetamine) MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Mephedrone Methedrone Methylone MMA MMDA MMDMA MMMA NAP Norfenfluramine 4-TFMA pBA pCA pIA PMA PMEA PMMA TAP
Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP 3-MeOPP BZP DCPP MBZP mCPP MDBZP MeOPP Mepiprazole oMPP pCPP pFPP pTFMPP TFMPP
Tryptamines: 4-Methyl-αET 4-Methyl-αMT 5-CT 5-MeO-αET 5-MeO-αMT 5-MT αET αMT DMT Tryptamine
Others: Indeloxazine Viqualine

Others

DAT modulators: Agonist-like: SoRI-9804
SoRI-20040; Antagonist-like: SoRI-20041

Adrenergic release blockers: Bethanidine
Bretylium
Guanadrel
Guanazodine
Guanethidine
Guanoxan

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Monoamine reuptake inhibitors • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine metabolism modulators • Monoamine neurotoxins

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