Aspects of fluid mechanics involving flow of fluids (liquids and gases)
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to fluid dynamics:
In physics , physical chemistry and engineering , fluid dynamics fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids – liquids and gases . It has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics hydrodynamics (the study of water and other liquids in motion). Fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating forces and moments on aircraft , determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines , predicting weather patterns , understanding nebulae in interstellar space , understanding large scale geophysical flows involving oceans/atmosphere and modelling fission weapon detonation .
Below is a structured list of topics in fluid dynamics.
type of thing is fluid dynamics?Fluid dynamics can be described as all of the following:
An academic discipline – one with academic departments, curricula and degrees; national and international societies; and specialized journals.
A scientific field (a branch of science ) – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. Such a field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer-reviewed research is published.
A natural science – one that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the natural world using empirical and scientific methods.
A physical science – one that studies non-living systems.
A branch of physics – study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force.
A branch of mechanics – area of mathematics and physics concerned with the relationships between force, matter, and motion among physical objects.
A branch of continuum mechanics – subject that models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms; that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint rather than from microscopic.
A subdiscipline of fluid mechanics – branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them, which also includes hydrostatics as a subdiscipline
A subdiscipline of fluid mechanics – branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them.
A branch of dynamics (mechanics) – subject that studies forces and motion.
Branches of fluid dynamics
History of fluid dynamics
History of fluid dynamics
Mathematical equations and concepts
Types of fluid flow
Fluid properties
Fluid phenomena
Concepts in aerodynamics
Aileron – Aircraft control surface used to induce rollAirplane – Powered aircraft with wingsAngle of attack – Angle between the chord of a wing and the undisturbed airflowBanked turn – Inclination of road or surface other than flatBernoulli's principle – Principle relating to fluid dynamicsBilgeboard Boomerang – Thrown tool and weaponCenterboard – Retractable keel which pivots out of a slot in the hull of a sailboatPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Chord (aircraft) – Imaginary straight line joining the leading and trailing edges of an aerofoilPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Circulation control wing – Aircraft high-lift deviceCurrentology – Science that studies the internal movements of water massesDiving plane – Control surface on a submarineDownforce – Downwards lift force created by the aerodynamic characteristics of a vehicleDrag coefficient – Dimensionless parameter to quantify fluid resistanceFin – Thin component or appendage attached to a larger body or structureFlipper (anatomy) – Flattened limb adapted for propulsion and maneuvering in waterFlow separation – Detachment of a boundary layer from a surface into a wakeFoil (fluid mechanics) – Solid object used in fluid mechanicsFluid coupling – Device used to transmit rotating mechanical powerGas kinetics – Study of the motion of gasesHydrofoil – Type of fast watercraft and the name of the technology it usesKeel – Lower centreline structural element of a ship or boat hull (hydrodynamic)Küssner effect – Unsteady aerodynamic forces on an airfoil or hydrofoil caused by encountering a transverse gustKutta condition – Fluid dynamics principle regarding bodies with sharp cornersKutta–Joukowski theorem – Formula relating lift on an airfoil to fluid speed, density, and circulationLift coefficient – Dimensionless quantity relating lift to fluid density and velocity over an areaLift-induced drag – Type of aerodynamic resistance against the motion of a wing or other airfoilLift-to-drag ratio – Measure of aerodynamic efficiencyLifting-line theory – Mathematical model to quantify liftNACA airfoil – Wing shapeNewton's third law – Laws in physics about force and motionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Propeller – Device that transmits rotational power into linear thrust on a fluidPump – Device that imparts energy to the fluids by mechanical actionRudder – Control surface for fluid-dynamic steering in the yaw axisSail – Fabric or other surface supported by a mast to allow wind propulsion (aerodynamics)Skeg – Extension of a boat's keel at the back, also a surfboard's finSound barrier – Sudden increase of undesirable effects when an aircraft approaches the speed of soundSpoiler (automotive) – Device for reducing aerodynamic dragPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Stall (flight) – Abrupt reduction in lift due to flow separationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Supersonic flow over a flat plate Surfboard fin – Part of a surfboardSurface science – Study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phasesTorque converter – Fluid coupling that transfers rotating power from a prime mover to a rotating driven loadTrim tab – Boat or aircraft componentWing – Appendage used for flightWingtip vortices – Turbulence caused by difference in air pressure on either side of wing
Fluid dynamics research
Methods used in fluid dynamics research
Applications of fluid dynamics
Acoustics – Branch of physics involving mechanical wavesAeronautics – Science involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of airflight-capable machinesAstrophysical fluid dynamics Cryosphere science – Earth's surface where water is frozenPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Geophysical fluid dynamics – Dynamics of naturally occurring flowsHemodynamics – Dynamics of blood flowPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Hydraulics – Applied engineering involving liquidsHydrology – Science of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on EarthFluidics – Use of a fluid to perform analog or digital operationsFluid power – Use of fluids under pressure to generate, control, and transmit powerGeodynamics – Study of dynamics of the EarthHydraulic machinery – Type of machine that uses liquid fluid power to perform workMeteorology – Interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere focusing on weather forecastingNaval architecture – Engineering discipline of marine vesselsOceanography – Study of physical, chemical, and biological processes in the oceanPlasma physics – State of matterPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Pneumatics – Use of pressurised gas in mechanical systemsIce-sheet dynamics – Large mass of glacial icePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Fluid dynamics organizations
Fluid dynamics publications
Books on fluid dynamics
Journals pertaining to fluid dynamics
Persons influential in fluid dynamics
Contributors to the field of fluid dynamics in turn come from a wide array of fields, and in addition to their other titles, each is also a fluid dynamicist. Following is a list of notable fluid dynamicists:
Snezhana Abarzhi – Applied mathematician and mathematical physicistJohn Abraham – American professorH. Norman Abramson – American engineer (1926–2022)David Acheson – British mathematicianAndreas Acrivos – Greek–American physicist (1928–2025)Noreen Sher Akbar – Pakistani applied mathematicianSilas D. Alben – American mathematicianJean le Rond d'Alembert – French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher and music theorist (1717–1783)Hannes Alfvén – Swedish physicist and Nobel laureate (1908–1995)John D. Anderson – American curator (born 1937)Elephter Andronikashvili – Georgian physicistShelley Anna – American chemical engineerArchimedes – Greek mathematician and physicist (c. 287 – 212 BC)Hassan Aref – Professor of fluid dynamicsVladimir Arnold – Russian mathematician (1937–2010)Amedeo Avogadro – Italian scientist (1776–1856)Ralph Bagnold – British Army officerBoris Bakhmeteff – Russian diplomat (1880–1951)Donát Bánki Grigory Barenblatt – Russian mathematician (1927–2018)Dwight Barkley – British researcherAdhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant – French mathematician (1797–1886)Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Alfred Barnard Basset – British mathematician (1854–1930)George Batchelor – Australian mathematician and physicistHarry Bateman – British-American mathematicianFrancine Battaglia – American computational fluid dynamicistJurjen Battjes – Dutch civil engineer (born 1939)Henri-Émile Bazin – French hydraulic engineerJames Thomas Beale – American mathematicianAdrian Bejan – Romanian-American professorJosette Bellan – Romanian-French-American fluid dynamicistHenri Bénard – French physicist (1874–1939)Brooke Benjamin – English mathematical physicist and mathematicianDavid Benney – New Zealand applied mathematicianFrank H. Berkshire – British mathematicianNatalia Berloff – Russian mathematicianDaniel Bernoulli – Swiss mathematician and physicist (1700–1782)Johann Bernoulli – Swiss mathematician (1667–1748)Andrea Bertozzi – American mathematicianW. H. Besant – British mathematicianAlbert Betz – German physicist (1885–1968)Eugene C. Bingham – American chemist (1878–1945)Jean-Baptiste Biot – French physicist (1774–1862)Robert Byron Bird – American chemical engineer (1924–2020)Garrett Birkhoff – American mathematician (1911–1996)Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius – German physicistTobias de Boer – Dutch scientistLudwig Boltzmann – Austrian mathematician and theoretical physicist (1844–1906)Wilfrid Noel Bond – English physicist (1897–1937)Joseph Valentin Boussinesq – French mathematician and physicist (1842–1929)Robert Boyle – Anglo-Irish scientist (1627–1691)Peter Bradshaw (aeronautical engineer) – British engineer (1935–2024)Francis Bretherton – American mathematician, oceanographer and engineer (1935–2021)John D. Buckmaster – British aerospace engineerGerald Bull – Canadian artillery engineer and entrepreneur (1928–1990)Jan Burgers – Dutch physicist (1895–1981)Adolf Busemann – German aerospace engineerSébastien Candel – French physicist (born 1946)Isabelle Cantat – French physicistSilvana Cardoso – Portuguese fluid dynamicistNicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot – French physicist and engineer (1796–1832)George F. Carrier – American mathematicianClaudia Cenedese – Italian oceanographerSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Indian-American physicist (1910-1995)Hubert Chanson – Australian engineering academic (born 1961)Jacques Charles – French inventor, scientist and mathematician (1746–1823)Jean-Yves Chemin – French mathematician (born 1959)Thomas H. Chilton – American chemical engineerAlexandre Chorin – American mathematicianDemetrios Christodoulou – Greek mathematician and physicist (born 1951)Chia-Kun Chu – Chinese-American mathematician (1927–2023)Émile Clapeyron – French engineer and physicistJohn Frederick Clarke Rudolf Clausius – German physicist and mathematician (1822–1888)Paul Clavin – French scientistNicolas Clément – French physicist and chemist (1779–1841)Julian Cole – American mathematicianAdrian Constantin – Romanian-Austrian mathematicianStanley Corrsin – American physicist and engineerMaurice Couette – French physicistRichard Courant – German-American mathematician (1888–1972)David Crighton – British mathematician and physicistMimi Dai – MathematicianPages displaying short descriptions with no spaces Stuart Dalziel – British and New Zealand fluid dynamicistGerhard Damköhler – German chemist (1908–1944)Henry Darcy – French engineer (1803–1858)Georges Jean Marie Darrieus – French aerospace and electrical engineerStephen H. Davis – American mathematician (1939–2021)William Reginald Dean – British mathematician (1896–1973)Lokenath Debnath – Indian American mathematician (1935–2023)Subhasish Dey – Indian hydraulician and educatorSatish Dhawan – Indian mathematician and engineer (1920–2002)Rudolf Diesel – German inventor and engineer (1858–1913)Ronald DiPerna – American mathematicianCharles R. Doering – American mathematician (1956–2021)David Dolidze – Georgian and Soviet mathematicianPhilip Drazin – British mathematician (1934–2002)Hugh Latimer Dryden – American aeronautical scientist and civil servant (1898–1965)Elizabeth B. Dussan V. – American mathematicianErnst R. G. Eckert Vagn Walfrid Ekman – Swedish oceanographer (1874–1954)Simen Ådnøy Ellingsen – Norwegian ProfessorLoránd Eötvös – Hungarian physicist (1848–1919)Jerald Ericksen – American mathematician (1924–2021)R. Cengiz Ertekin – Turkish marine engineerLeonhard Euler – Swiss mathematician (1707–1783)David Evans (mathematician) – British mathematicianAmir Faghri – American mechanical engineering professor (born 1951)Gino Girolamo Fanno – Italian mechanical engineer (1882–1962)Eduard Feireisl – Czech mathematicianAntonio Ferri – Italian scientist (1912–1975)John Ffowcs Williams – British engineer-scientist (1935–2020)Bruce A. Finlayson Irmgard Flügge-Lotz – German mathematicianEmanuele Foà – Italian engineer and physicist (1892–1949)Hermann Föttinger – German engineer (1877–1945)Joseph Fourier – French mathematician and physicist (1768–1830)James B. Francis – British-American civil engineer (1815–1892)David A. Frank-Kamenetskii – Soviet scientist (1910–1970)François Frenkiel Uriel Frisch – French mathematical physicistRobert Edmund Froude – British engineer and naval architectWilliam Froude – British engineer and naval architectMohamed Gad-el-Hak – Professor of Biomedical EngineeringJoseph Louis Gay-Lussac – French chemist and physicist (1778–1850)Israel Gelfand – Soviet mathematician (1913–2009)William K. George – American fluid dynamicistMorteza Gharib Alan Jeffrey Giacomin – Canadian professor of chemical engineeringJosiah Willard Gibbs – American scientist (1839–1903)Adrian Gill (meteorologist) – Australian meteorologistPierre-Simon Girard – French mathematician and engineer (1765–1836)Hermann Glauert – British aerodynamicistJames Glimm – American mathematicianSergei Godunov – Russian mathematician (1929–2023)Sydney Goldstein – British mathematician (1903–1989)Alexander Gorlov – Russian-American scientist and inventor (1931–2016)Leo Graetz – German physicistFranz Grashof – German engineer (1826–1893)Albert E. Green – British mathematicianHarvey P. Greenspan – American mathematicianMarina Guenza – Italian chemistMax Gunzburger – American mathematicianWolfgang Haack – German mathematician (1902–1994)Gotthilf Hagen – German physicistGeorg Hamel – German mathematician (1877 - 1954)Thomas Henry Havelock Wallace D. Hayes Peter H. Haynes – British mathematicianWerner Heisenberg – German theoretical physicist (1901–1976)Henry Selby Hele-Shaw – British engineer (1854–1941)Hermann von Helmholtz – German physicist and physiologist (1821–1894)John Hinch (mathematician) Julius Oscar Hinze – Dutch scientist (1907–1993)Hans G. Hornung Leslie Howarth – British mathematicianPierre Henri Hugoniot Herbert Huppert – British geophysicistFazle Hussain – American physicistM. Yousuff Hussaini Caius Iacob – Romanian mathematician and politicianAntony Jameson – British aerospace engineer (born 1934)James Jeans – English physicist, astronomer and mathematician (1877–1946)George Barker Jeffery – British mathematical physicist (1891–1957)Daniel D. Joseph – American mechanical engineerJames Prescott Joule – English physicist (1818–1889)Viktor Kaplan – Austrian engineerBéla Karlovitz – Hungarian-American engineer, inventorTheodore von Kármán – Hungarian-American mathematician, aerospace engineer and physicist (1881–1963)Lord Kelvin – British physicist, engineer and mathematician (1824–1907)Earle Hesse Kennard – US theoretical physicist (1885–1968)Gustav Kirchhoff – German chemist, mathematician, physicist, and spectroscopist (1824–1887)Alexander Kiselev (mathematician) – American mathematicianMartin Knudsen – Danish physicistAndrey Kolmogorov – Soviet mathematician (1903–1987)Ludwig Kort Diederik Korteweg – Dutch mathematician (1848–1941)Leslie Stephen George Kovasznay – Hungarian-American engineerRobert Kraichnan – American theoretical physicist (1928–2008)Martin Kutta – German mathematician (1867–1944)Olga Ladyzhenskaya – Russian mathematician (1922–2004)Paco Lagerstrom – Swedish American mathematicianHorace Lamb – English mathematician (1849–1934)Lev Landau – Soviet theoretical physicist (1908–1968)Pierre-Simon Laplace – French polymath (1749–1827)Boris Laschka – German fluid dynamics scientist and aeronautical engineerBrian Launder – British academicGustaf de Laval – Swedish engineer and inventor (1845–1913)Chung K. Law – Engineering researcherPeter Lax – Hungarian-born American mathematician (1926–2025)L. Gary Leal – American chemical engineer and academicLeonid Leibenson – Soviet physicist (1879–1951)Leonardo da Vinci – Italian Renaissance polymath (1452–1519)Tullio Levi-Civita – Italian mathematician (1873–1941)Veniamin Levich – Ukrainian physicist (1917–1988)Bernard Lewis (scientist) Warren K. Lewis – American chemical engineer (1882–1975)Paul A. Libby – American scientist (1921–2021)Wolfgang Liebe – German aeronautical engineer (1911–2005)Hans W. Liepmann – American engineer and academic (1914–2009)Evgeny Lifshitz – Soviet physicist (1915–1985)Edwin N. Lightfoot – American chemical engineerJames Lighthill – British applied mathematician (1924–1998)Chia-Chiao Lin – Chinese-born American mathematicianAmable Liñán – Spanish aeronautical engineerPaul Linden Anke Lindner – German physicistMichael S. Longuet-Higgins Lu Shijia – Chinese physicistGeoffrey S. S. Ludford – American scientist (1921–2021)John L. Lumley Thomas S. Lundgren – American academicErnst Mach – Austrian physicist, philosopher and university educator (1838–1916)Charles L. Mader – American physical chemistAndrew Majda – American mathematician (1949–2021)Carlo Marangoni – Italian physicist (1840–1925)Frank E. Marble – American scientistMoshe Matalon (engineer) – Israeli-American engineer and mathematician (born 1949)Tony Maxworthy – British-American physicist (1933–2013)John B. McCormick – American mechanical engineer (1834–1924)Trevor McDougall – OceanographerPages displaying short descriptions with no spaces Beverley McKeon – Physicist and aerospace engineerChiang C. Mei – Taiwanese-American physicistCharles Meneveau – French-Chilean born American fluid dynamicistTheodor Meyer – German physicist (1882–1972)Anthony Michell – Australian mechanical engineerJohn W. Miles – American research professor of applied mechanics and geophysicsLaura Miller (mathematical biologist) – American mathematical biologistL. M. Milne-Thomson – English applied mathematicianRichard von Mises – Austrian physicist and mathematician (1883–1953)Keith Moffatt – British mathematician and physicistParviz Moin – American engineerAndrei Monin Lewis Ferry Moody – American engineer and professorRose Morton – American mathematicianSamar Mubarakmand – Pakistani nuclear physicist (born 1942)Walter Munk – American oceanographer (1917–2019)Morris Muskat – American petroleum engineerRoddam Narasimha – Indian scientist (1933–2020)Claude-Louis Navier – French engineer and physicist (1785–1836)Paul Neményi – Hungarian mathematician and physicist (1895–1952)John von Neumann – Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)Isaac Newton – English polymath (1642–1727)Nhan Phan-Thien Wilhelm Nusselt – German engineer (1882–1957)Morrough Parker O'Brien – American hydraulic engineering professor (1902–1988)John Ockendon Hisashi Okamoto – Japanese mathematicianSteven Orszag – American mathematician (1943–2011)Carl Wilhelm Oseen – Swedish theoretical physicist (1879–1944)Simon Ostrach Mariolina Padula – Italian mathematical physicistStoycho Panchev – Bulgarian meteorologist and fluid dynamicistBlaise Pascal – French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and Christian philosopher (1623–1662)Jean Claude Eugène Péclet – French physicist (1793–1857)Tim Pedley – British mathematician and a former GJoseph Pedlosky – American physical oceanographer (born 1938)Lester Allan Pelton – American mechanical engineerStanford S. Penner Howell Peregrine – British mathematicianAdriana Pesci – Argentine mathematician and physicistCharles S. Peskin – American mathematicianNorbert Peters (engineer) – German combustion engineer (1942–2015)Henri Pitot – French hydraulic engineer (1695–1771)Joseph Plateau – Belgian physicist (1801–1883)Milton S. Plesset – American physicist (1908–1991)Henri Poincaré – French mathematician, physicist and engineer (1854–1912)Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille – French physicist and physiologist (1797–1869)Siméon Denis Poisson – French mathematician and physicist (1781–1840)Stephen B. Pope – Cornell University professor of mechanical engineeringConstantine Pozrikidis – American chemical engineerLudwig Prandtl – German physicist (1875–1953)Ronald F. Probstein – American engineer (1928–2021)Andrea Prosperetti Joseph Proudman – British mathematician and oceanographerSeth Putterman – American physicistWilliam Rankine – Scottish mechanical engineer (1820–1872)Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh – British physicist (1842–1919)Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Theodor Rehbock Markus Reiner – Israeli scientist and engineerOsborne Reynolds – Anglo-Irish innovator (1842–1912)William Craig Reynolds Dimitri Riabouchinsky – Russian physicist (1882–1962)Lewis Fry Richardson – English meteorologist and mathematician (1881–1953)Robert D. Richtmyer – American mathematicianNorman Riley (professor) – British mathematicianPetre Roman – Prime Minister of Romania between 1989 and 1991Louis Rosenhead – British mathematicianAnatol Roshko – Canadian-American physicist and engineerCarl-Gustaf Rossby – Swedish-born American meteorologistHunter Rouse – American physicistJohn Scott Russell – Naval engineerPhilip Saffman – British mathematician (1931–2008)Stephen Salter – South African-born Scottish academic and inventorRalph Allan Sampson – British astronomerHermann Schlichting – German fluid dynamics engineerJames Serrin – American mathematicianTasneem M. Shah – Pakistani scientist and mathematicianPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets P. N. Shankar – Indian scientist (1944–2019)Ascher H. Shapiro – American author and professor of mechanical engineering and fluid mechanicsBeverley Shenstone – Canadian aerodynamicist (1906–1979)Thomas Kilgore Sherwood – American chemical engineerAlbert F. Shields – American engineerMax Shiffman – American mathematicianWei Shyy – Chinese areospace engineer (born 1955)Gregory Sivashinsky Apollo M. O. Smith Frank T. Smith – English applied mathematicianArnold Sommerfeld – German theoretical physicist (1868–1951)Andrew Soward – British fluid dynamicistBrian Spalding Ephraim M. Sparrow – American academicCharles Speziale – American scientist (1948–1999)Herbert Squire – British aerospace engineer (1909–1961)K. R. Sreenivasan – Indian-American scientist and physicistPaul H. Steen – American engineerJosef Stefan – Carinthian Slovene physicist, mathematician and poet (1835–1893)Keith Stewartson – British mathematician (1925–1983)Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet – Irish mathematician and physicist (1819–1903)Yvonne Stokes – Australian mathematicianHoward A. Stone – American engineer (born 1960)Vincenc Strouhal – Czech physicistJohn Trevor Stuart – British mathematician (1929–2023)G. I. Taylor – British physicist and mathematician (1886–1975)Roger Temam – French mathematicianHendrik Tennekes – Dutch scientist (1936–2021)Walter Tollmien – German fluid dynamicistAlbert Alan Townsend – Fluid dynamics physicistDavid Tritton – English physicist (1935–1998)Viktor Trkal – Czech physicist (1888–1956)Clifford Truesdell – American mathematician (1919–2000)Gretar Tryggvason – American fluid dynamicist (born 1956)Ernie Tuck – Australian mathematicianLaurette Tuckerman – American mathematical physicistStewart Turner – Australian geophysicist (1930–2022)Fritz Ursell Victor Vâlcovici – Romanian mechanician and mathematicianMilton Van Dyke Henri Villat – French mathematicianRicardo Vinuesa Gustav de Vries – Dutch mathematician (1866–1934)John V. Wehausen – American applied mathematicianJulius Weisbach – German mathematician and engineerKarl Weissenberg – Austrian mathematician and physicistRichard T. Whitcomb – American aeronautical engineer (1921–2009)Frank M. White – American mechanical engineer (1933–2022)Gerald B. Whitham – American mathematician (1927–2014)Forman A. Williams – American academicJohn R. Womersley – British mathematician, computer scientist and biophysicistTheodore Y. Wu – American engineer (1924–2023)Akiva Yaglom – Russian physicist, mathematician, statistician, and meteorologistChia-Shun Yih Z. Jane Wang – Chinese and American physicistYakov Zeldovich – Soviet physicist, physical chemist and cosmologist (1914–1987)Yuwen Zhang – Chinese-American academicNikolay Zhukovsky (scientist) – Russian scientist (1847–1921)
Miscellaneous concepts
These topics need placement in the sections above, or in new sections.
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