He was born in Arad, the son of Lazăr Iacob [ro] and Camelia, née Moldovan. His father was professor of Canon Law and served as delegate for Arad at the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia of 1 December 1918.[2][3] Caius Iacob attended the Moise Nicoară High School in his native city, and then completed his secondary education at the Emanuil Gojdu High School in Oradea. After passing his baccalaureate examination with the highest mark in the nation, he was admitted in 1928 at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Bucharest, from where he graduated in 1931, aged nineteen.[2][4] Iacob continued his studies at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris, with thesis advisor Henri Villat. He defended his thesis, Sur la détermination des fonctions harmoniques par certaines conditions aux limites: applications à l'hydrodynamique, on 24 June 1935.[2][4][5]
His most important work was in the studies of classical hydrodynamics, fluid mechanics, mathematical analysis, and compressible-flow theory.
Iacob was one of the founders of the Institute of Applied Mathematics of the Romanian Academy in 1991. Ten years later, the institute merged with the Center for Mathematical Statistics of the Academy (that had been founded by Gheorghe Mihoc in 1964), becoming the current Gheorghe Mihoc–Caius Iacob Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Applied Mathematics of the Romanian Academy.[9]
A high school[10] and a middle school,[11] as well as a street and a plaza[citation needed] in Arad also bear his name.