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May 1901
List of events that occurred in May 1901
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May 1, 1901: Pan-American Exposition opens in Buffalo
May 2, 1901: Glasgow International Exposition opens in Scotland
May 9, 1901: The first Parliament of Australia is opened by the Duke of Cornwall and York, the Crown Prince George
May 3, 1901: Jacksonville, Florida, destroyed
The following events occurred in
May 1901
:
Wednesday, May 1, 1901
Hirobimi
Prince
Itō Hirobumi
resigned as
Prime Minister of Japan
, along with almost all of his cabinet, after the Finance Minister, Viscount
Watanabe Kunitake
, announced that his department would have to postpone public works projects indefinitely. The only member of the cabinet not to quit was the Minister of War, Baron
Kodama Gentarō
.
[1]
[2]
The
Pan-American Exposition
opened in
Buffalo, New York
.
[3]
[4]
William McKinley
became the first
President of the United States
to tour the
Deep South
, speaking at
Mississippi
before stopping for the night at
New Orleans
.
[5]
Born:
Sterling Allen Brown
, African-American poet and folklorist, in
Washington, D.C.
(d.
1989
)
Hotsumi Ozaki
, Japanese journalist and spy for the
Soviet Union
during
World War II
, in
Shiba, Tokyo
(d.
1944
, executed)
Died
:
Rousseau Owen Crump
, 57, U.S. Representative for
Michigan
since 1895 (b.
1843
)
Lewis Waterman
, 64, American inventor, created the first practical
fountain pen
and founded the
Waterman Pen Company
(b.
1836
)
Thursday, May 2, 1901
In
Scotland
, the
Glasgow International Exhibition
opened.
[6]
[7]
Refined crude oil was delivered by
pipeline
for the first time to the
Eastern seaboard
in the
United States
, as the
Standard Oil
Company's "United States Pipe Line" began operation. Construction of the line, which started at the oil fields in
Titusville, Pennsylvania
, and ran to
Philadelphia
, took nine years to complete.
[8]
In
Berlin
, the musical score for the ballet
Aschenbrödel
(
Cinderella
), which
Johann Strauss
had been working on when he died in 1899, was performed for the first time, after being completed and modified by composer
Josef Bayer
.
[9]
On the same day in
Berlin
, another ballet whose score Bayer had composed,
Die Braut von Korea
("The Korean Bride"), closed after a four-year run;
Gustav Mahler
would describe it as "one of the most stupid ballets ever to have been staged".
[10]
Two future members of the
Baseball Hall of Fame
played key roles in the first
forfeited baseball game
in
American League
history, as the
Chicago White Stockings
hosted the
Detroit Tigers
. Chicago had a 5–2 lead going into the final inning, but Detroit scored five runs in the ninth; with rain clouds gathering, Chicago pitcher (and team manager)
Clark Griffith
tried to stall the game down "hoping that rain would wipe out the top of the inning, and the game's score would revert to the eight inning, resulting in a Sox win."
[11]
"But their delays were so palpable and so clumsily done," the
Chicago Tribune
would report the next day, "that everyone could see the purpose."
[12]
Umpire
Tom Connolly
ordered a forfeit, and Detroit was declared a 9–0 winner under baseball rules. Adding insult to injury, the
Chicago Tribune
observed, "the rain fell hard five minutes after the forfeit was declared."
Born:
Willi Bredel
, East German author (d.
1964
)
Friday, May 3, 1901
Harriman and Schiff
A
massive fire
destroyed 148 city blocks in
Jacksonville, Florida
, over an area of 455 acres (1.85 square kilometers) and burning 2,361 buildings.
[13]
At 12:39 p.m., the 36-member city fire department was notified that a fire had broken out at the American Fiber Company at the corner of Davis Street and Union Street. Sparks had ignited a pile of
Spanish moss
to be used as stuffing, and the fire then spread to the adjacent W. W. Cleveland & Son mattress factory.
[14]
Destroyed in the blaze were the
Duval Country
Courthouse, the Jacksonville City Hall, the Windsor Hotel and St. James Hotel, as well as "the city armory, the opera-house, the leading churches of the city, the convent, acres of residences and scores of wholesale and retail business houses."
[15]
The city would be rebuilt and within two and a half years, thousands of new buildings would be erected;
[13]
over the next decade, the amount of cargo being handled by the Port of Jacksonville had increased to five times what it had been at the time of the fire.
[16]
An upheaval in the stock market, known as the
Panic of 1901
started as
E. H. Harriman
, who controlled the
Union Pacific Railroad
, began his attempt to acquire majority ownership of the
Northern Pacific Railroad Company
(NP), and directed his broker,
Jacob Schiff
of
Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
to buy as much as possible. By the end of the day, Harriman owned more than 370,000 of the 800,000 shares of NP common stock and 420,000 of the NP preferred stock.
[17]
Civil government was established in
Manila
after years of American occupation.
[2]
Born:
Hugo Friedhofer
, American film score composer,
Academy Award winner
for the music for
The Best Years of Our Lives
, in
San Francisco
(d.
1981
)
Saturday, May 4, 1901
The
Caste War of Yucatán
, the decades-long resistance of the
Maya peoples
against the Mexican government, ended as General Ignacio Bravo marched his troops into the Mayan capital at Noh Cah Balam (now
Chan Santa Cruz
) and set up his new headquarters.
[18]
[19]
Realizing that he did not have a majority of
Northern Pacific
common stock,
E. H. Harriman
had decided on Friday evening that he would need to buy 40,000 additional common shares before the
New York Stock Exchange
closed at noon on Saturday. He was unwell when he woke up, and instead telephoned
Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
to place the order, on credit. Harriman's broker,
Jacob Schiff
, was attending
synagogue
services that morning,
[20]
so Harriman spoke with Mr. Heinsheimer, who sent a messenger to find Schiff at the Saturday worship services. Schiff, however, who was buying the stocks on credit for Harriman, concluded that since Harriman had a majority of all of the NP stock, incurring more debt was unnecessary, and no order was placed.
[17]
Italy
rejected a request from the
Ottoman
government to help prevent the settlement of foreign
Jews
in
Palestine
, at the time a part of Turkish territory.
[2]
Sunday, May 5, 1901
Arriving earlier than expected, the royal yacht
RMS
Ophir
reached
Australia
with the
Duke
and
Duchess of Cornwall
on board. The yacht dropped anchor a mile from the shore at
Mornington, Victoria
at 12:30 p.m., escorted by HMS
Juno
and followed by a line of other British warships.
[21]
The
United States
began its withdrawal of forces from
Beijing
, after a year of occupation that followed the
Boxer Rebellion
. The troops of the cavalry and artillery of the
U.S. 9th Infantry
marched out of the Chinese capital toward
Tianjin
after being dismissed by
Major General
Adna Chaffee
.
[22]
In
Lahore
(at the time a part of
British India
, and now in
Pakistan
)
Vishnu Digambar Paluskar
established as the first publicly supported school of Indian classical music on the subcontinent, the
Gandharva Mahavidyalaya
.
[23]
[24]
The government of the
Ottoman Empire
began seizing all overseas correspondence directed to post offices operated by embassies in
Constantinople
, declaring that any mails had to go through the nation's post office. After protests from the ambassadors, Foreign Minister Tewfik Pasha would relent and apologize to the various diplomats.
[25]
On his 28th birthday,
Leon Czolgosz
attended a lecture by anarchist
Emma Goldman
at Memorial Hall in
Cleveland
, at 170 Superior Street,
[26]
where she spoke on the subject "Modern Phases of Anarchism".
[27]
[28]
Czolgosz, an unemployed steelworker, would say later that the speech by Goldman (who told her audience that "Anarchism aims at a new and complete freedom ... We merely desire complete liberty and this can never be obtained as long as there is an existing government.") "set me on fire".
[29]
On September 6, Czolgosz would travel to
Buffalo, New York
and fatally shoot U.S. President
William McKinley
.
Born:
Blind Willie McTell
(Willie Samuel McTier), influential African-American
blues
guitarist and singer, in
Thomson, Georgia
(d.
1959
); 24 years after McTell's death,
Bob Dylan
would record the song
Blind Willie McTell
Died
:
Dinshaw Maneckji Petit
, 77, Indian entrepreneur and textile manufacturer (b.
1823
)
Axel Wilhelm Eriksson
, 64, Swedish settler and trader in
South West Africa
(b.
1846
)
Mariano Ignacio Prado
, 75, Peruvian state leader, 27th
President of Peru
(b.
1825
)
Monday, May 6, 1901
James J. Hill and J. P. Morgan
In a rebound during the
Panic of 1901
, the price of
Northern Pacific Railway
stock increased by $23 a share, an unprecedented increase in value on
Wall Street
, as
J. P. Morgan
responded to the mass purchases made by
E. H. Harriman
. "Before the market here had been open ten minutes" a reporter noted, "it was seen that somebody was hiking Northern Pacific stock." The NP shares had closed at $110 on Saturday, and by noon were as high as $133, before closing at $127.50.
[30]
[31]
[32]
During the weekend,
Northern Pacific Railway
chairman
James J. Hill
had realized that someone was trying to acquire control of the NP stock, and got the authority from railroad magnate
J. P. Morgan
to buy 156,000 common shares of NP. At the same time, Harriman called his broker and learned that his order for 40,000 common shares had not been carried out; as historian Lloyd J. Mercer would note later, "those 40,000 shares were the missing nail that cost Harriman this particular kingdom."
[17]
The first issue of
Gorkhapatra
, still running oldest Nepali newspaper
The British Ministry of War announced that nearly 15,000 British officers and troops had died in the
Second Boer War
against South African forces, with 14,264 enlisted men and 714 officers as casualties.
[2]
The
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
voted 333 to 227 to approve a tax on the sale of coal.
[2]
Gorkhapatra
, the oldest still running Nepali newspaper was started on this day. The newspaper was distributed weekly then.
[33]
[34]
Tuesday, May 7, 1901
Russian painter
Ilya Repin
began work on his painting
Torzhestvennoi Zasedanie Gosudarstvennogo Sovieta 7 Maya 1901 Goda
(
The Ceremonial Meeting of the State Council, 7 May 1901
), commissioned by the
Russian State Council
to celebrate the 100th anniversary of its first session in 1801. The large work (400 cm x 877 cm, or 13'2" high by 28'9" wide) is housed at the
Russian Museum
in
Saint Petersburg
.
[35]
[36]
Allis-Chalmers
, a manufacturer of agricultural, industrial, mining and construction machinery, was incorporated.
[37]
Created by a merger of a steam engine and mill equipment producer, the Edward P. Allis Company, and two companies owned by
Thomas Chalmers
(the Fraser & Chalmers Company and the
Gates Iron Works
), the new corporation quickly acquired the engine making products of the
Dickson Manufacturing Company
, and then purchase additional companies; it would sell off most of its lines in 1985.
German troops routed the Chinese cavalry in a battle at Kalgan (now
Zhangjiakou
) in the
Hebei
Province of
China
.
[2]
Born:
Gary Cooper
, American film actor, known for leading film roles in
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town
and
The Pride of the Yankees
, recipient of the
Academy Award for Best Actor
for
Sergeant York
and
High Noon
, as Frank James Cooper in
Helena, Montana
(d.
1961
)
Wednesday, May 8, 1901
The
Australian Labor Party
was created, initially with the name "Federal Parliamentary Labor Party", under the leadership of
Chris Watson
of
New South Wales
.
[38]
[39]
The largest plunge in prices on the
New York Stock Exchange
took place as panicked investors began selling shares of all stock except for
Northern Pacific Railway
, which jumped from $143.50 to $200 a share. Shortly before 1:00, a mass sale began of
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
(referred to as "CBQ" or "Burlington") stock, which dropped from $196.88 to $100.75 in two hours. The
Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad
saw the sale of more than 100,000 shares, followed by
Missouri Pacific
and
Union Pacific
, then to other industries. "Many fortunes that had been made in the last six months by men who never before had a dollar," it was noted the next day, "were in some cases wholly wiped out as a result of the crash, and in others so considerably reduced that little remains."
[40]
The
Boston Americans
(now the
Boston Red Sox
) played their first ever home game, a contest at the
Huntington Avenue Grounds
, a stadium that featured "just a single entrance (and one turnstile)".
[41]
The home team beat the
Philadelphia Athletics
(now the
Oakland Athletics
).
[42]
Exactly one hundred years later, Boston would win its May 8, 2001, home game by the same margin, defeating the
Seattle Mariners
, 12–4.
[43]
Thursday, May 9, 1901
The
Panic of 1901
reached its height on what was described as "Blue Thursday", with the price of
Northern Pacific Railway
skyrocketing and the prices of other stocks plummeting. In the course of two hours, NP stock rose from $170 a share to $1,000.
[44]
[45]
Banks shipped tens of millions of dollars of cash to
New York City
because of the demand for money to meet broker accounts.
[46]
The frenzy would spread over to other markets, as prices fell on the
London Stock Exchange
[47]
As an historian would write later,
E. H. Harriman
and
J. P. Morgan
"had contracted for more stock than could be bought or borrowed"
[48]
and as other brokers began purchasing, the price of a share of Northern Pacific soared from $150 to over $700 by Thursday. As brokers throughout
Wall Street
were faced with bankruptcy for committing themselves to buying stock that was would be worth much less than what they had agreed to pay, Schiff suggested the truce between Harriman and Morgan that ultimately canceled most of the trades and defused the panic.
[49]
The very first
Parliament of Australia
opened in
Melbourne
, with the
Duke of Cornwall and York
(the future
King
George V
) formally declaring the beginning of the session.
[50]
The initial meeting was held at the
Royal Exhibition Building
, before temporarily moving to the building that housed the parliament for the
State of Victoria
while a separate
Melbourne
site could be constructed for federal business.
Melbourne
would serve as the capital of
Australia
until 1927, when the seat of government would move to
Canberra
.
[51]
[52]
[53]
The
British Brothers' League
was chartered in
London
with the slogan "England for the English", and with the goal of restricting immigration of foreigners into the
British Isles
. The group would disband after the passage of the
Aliens Act
in 1905.
[54]
Seven-year old South African
Lizzie van Zyl
, who had been imprisoned in a British
concentration camp
in
Bloemfontein
, died from starvation and
typhoid fever
. A photo of Lizzie taken before her death would become a symbol of the abuses by British authorities during the
Second Boer War
, and would be used by activist
Emily Hobhouse
in bringing attention to the problem.
[55]
Friday, May 10, 1901
One day after
Kaiser Wilhelm
of
Germany
ordered the recall of
Imperial German Navy
battleships from
China
, in an order from
Foreign Secretary
Oswald von Richthofen
to the ambassador in
Beijing
,
Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein
,
Chancellor
Bernhard von Bülow
attempted to reverse the decision. Noting that "the removal of the armored squadron while the greater part of Your Majesty's expeditionary force is still on Chinese soil" was "highly questionable militarily", von Bülow warned that "as soon as Your Majesty's expeditionary troops lose the armored battleships which are their strongest support, the Russians would cause them difficulties ... I venture to ask Your Majesty, with the deepest respect, to agree to postpone the withdrawal of the fleet at the present moment."
[56]
Jagadish Chandra Bose
, physicist and biologist from
India
, addressed a gathering at the
Royal Institution
in
London
and presented experiments to demonstrate his conclusion that plants had reactions similar to feelings, reacting to external stimuli.
[57]
[58]
Following the panic of the day before, stocks on
Wall Street
showed a resurgence and "not a single Stock Exchange house was forced to close its doors or suspend business ... The panic clearly was over."
[59]
Born:
J. D. Bernal
, Irish physicist and philosopher, in
Nenagh
,
County Tipperary
,
Ireland
(d.
1971
)
Saturday, May 11, 1901
Sir
Harry Johnston
, a biologist and the British Commissioner of
Uganda
, cabled
London
to announce that the remains of an animal, long thought to be extinct, were on their way to the
British Museum
and that the "
okapi
" continued to exist. Described as "a giraffe-like creature which is closely akin to the ox in size"
[60]
the
okapi
was rediscovered by European
zoologists
in the forests of what is now the
Semuliki National Park
.
Professor Charles Peabody, an archaeologist from
Harvard University
, became the first scholar to discover the variety of music that would become known as "
Delta blues
". Although he had arrived in
Coahoma County, Mississippi
, to oversee the excavation of a
Choctaw
Indian burial mound, his more important finding was the folk songs that the African-American work crew was singing while doing the excavation "and the mesmerizing power of their music continued to haunt Peabody's imagination long after he returned to Cambridge". He would publish his observations under the title "Notes on Negro Music" in the
Journal of American Folklore
, popularizing the genre.
[61]
[62]
Born:
Rose Ausländer
, German poet (d.
1988
)
Sunday, May 12, 1901
Speed limits went into effect in the
United States
for the first time as a
law
took effect in
Connecticut
, setting 12 miles per hour (19 km/h) as the maximum motor vehicle speed within cities, and 15 miles per hour (24 km/h) on roads in the rest of the state.
[63]
Born:
"
The Duke of Paducah
" (stage name of Benjamin Francis Ford), American comedian, country singer and radio host, in
De Soto, Missouri
(d.
1986
)
Christopher Hinton
, British nuclear engineer, in
Tisbury
,
England
(d.
1983
)
Monday, May 13, 1901
In the
British House of Commons
,
Winston Churchill
defied his fellow
Conservative Party
members of parliament by speaking out against a proposal to increase the size and the budget of the
British Army
. "Has the wealth of the country doubled? Has the population doubled? Have the armies of Europe doubled? Is there no poverty at home? Has the English Channel dried up and we are no longer an island?"
[64]
In the decades that followed, the words of the young politician, 26 years old at the time and in his first year in Commons, would frequently be re-quoted. Noting the effect that changing technology had on the nature of war, Churchill observed, "In former years, when wars arose from individual causes... when they were fought by small regular armies of professional soldiers, and when their course was retarded by the difficulties of communication and supply, and often suspended by the winter season, it was possible to limit the liabilities of the combatants. But now, when mighty populations are impelled on each other, each individual severally embittered and inflamed, when the resources of science and civilisation sweep away everything that might mitigate their fury, a European war can only end in the ruin of the vanquished and the scarcely less fatal commercial dislocation and exhaustion of the conquerors." Noting that "Democracy is more vindictive than Cabinets", Churchill prophesied that "The wars of peoples will be more terrible than those of kings."
[65]
[66]
[67]
The Parliament would favor the increased military expenditure anyway, in what one historian would later describe as "the jettisoning of
Pax Britannica
by Britain herself"
[68]
Born:
Witold Pilecki
, Polish resistance leader (d.
1948
)
Tuesday, May 14, 1901
Fifteen months after his arrest for agitation against the
Russian Empire
, Polish nationalist and future
President of Poland
Józef Piłsudski
was able to escape to freedom with the assistance of two fellow Poles,
Dr. Władysław Mazurkiewicz
and Aleksander Sulkiewicz.
[69]
Russian authorities had incarcerated Piłsudski at the
Warsaw
Citadel on February 22, 1900, but over the next ten months, he successfully faked symptoms of mental illness, was diagnosed with "psychosis hallucinatoria". He was transferred to the Nikolaevskii Hospital in
Saint Petersburg
on December 15, 1900, where Dr. Mazurkiewicz assisted his departure while most of the staff was absent.
[70]
Mexico
became an oil-producing nation with the first strike in the
El Ebano oil field
, in a joint venture by
Edward L. Doheny
and geologist Ezequiel Ordóñez of the
Mexican Central Railway
.
[71]
At a depth of 525 feet (160 m), the drilling rig encountered a gusher of
petroleum
that produced 50 barrels per day, but the railway declined to purchase the output.
[72]
By 1910, the wells at El Ebano would be outproducing wells in the
United States
.
[73]
The transformation of desert land in
Southern California
into the
Imperial Valley
began as water was diverted from the
Colorado River
into the
Alamo River
, starting at 11:00 in the morning. The waters would reach
California
farmland on June 21.
[74]
Thomas Armat
was granted a patent for the
Vitascope
, the first practical
cinema film projector
, receiving U.S. Patent Number 673,922.
[75]
Born:
Robert Ritter
, German
eugenicist
,
racial scientist
for
Nazi Germany
(d.
1951
)
Edward Weinfeld
, American jurist, in
Manhattan
,
New York City
(d.
1988
)
Died:
George Augustus Conquest
, 64, British playwright and actor (b.
1837
)
Wednesday, May 15, 1901
Philippine General
Tomás Mascardo
and his command of 17 officers and 215 soldiers surrendered unconditionally to American forces on the island of
Luzon
, after negotiating with
U.S. Army
Captain Joseph P. O'Neil.
[76]
The town of
Cleo Springs, Oklahoma
, was incorporated by a vote of 65 to 6 by its residents.
[77]
Born:
Dorothy Hansine Andersen
, American physician and pathologist, first to identify the
respiratory disease
of
cystic fibrosis
in 1935; ironically, she would die from
lung cancer
(d.
1963
)
Xavier Herbert
, Australian writer, in
Geraldton
,
Australia
(d.
1984
)
Luis Monti
, Argentine football player, only person to compete in the
World Cup
for two different teams, appearing for
Argentina
in 1930, and for
Italy
in 1934; in both tournaments, he appeared in the final game (d.
1983
)
Abram N. Spanel
, Russian-American entrepreneur, philanthropist and founder of the International Latex Corporation, later known as
Playtex
, in
Odessa
(d.
1985
)
Thursday, May 16, 1901
The
British House of Commons
voted 305–163 to approve the reorganization of the
British Army
as proposed by
Secretary of State for War
John Brodrick
.
[2]
In
Edinburgh
,
Scotland
, psychologist
William James
began the series of
Gifford Lectures
that would become his classic study
The Varieties of Religious Experience
.
The first international
football match
outside of the
United Kingdom
was held in
South America
as
Uruguay
lost against
Argentina
, 3–2, in
Montevideo
.
[78]
Friday, May 17, 1901
Muslim Caliph Abdul Hamid II and Zionist leader Herzl
Theodor Herzl
, the founder and President of the
Zionist Organization
, was granted an audience by
Sultan
Hamid
of the
Ottoman Empire
, in a two-hour meeting at
Constantinople
.
[79]
The Sultan acknowledged that "his Empire was wide open to Jewish refugees and, among the non-Muslims, they were his most reliable subjects."
[80]
Herzl presented his proposal for the Sultan to grant an Imperial Charter to allow the colonization of
Palestine
for a Jewish state, in return for Jewish financiers assuming the responsibility to pay off of the Empire's debts. As Herzl would recount later, he told the Sultan, "His Majesty is the lion, perhaps I am
Androcles
, and maybe there is a thorn that has to be pulled out."
[80]
Although the Sultan was intrigued by Herzl's idea, which would have led to the creation of the
State of Israel
47 years earlier than its May 17, 1948, founding, the Charter was not granted.
[81]
[82]
Former
National League
baseball star
Nap Lajoie
was given the go-ahead to play in the rival
American League
after a court in
Philadelphia
denied a request for an injunction based on a
reserve clause
in the older league's contract.
[83]
Lajoie had played for the NL's
Philadelphia Phillies
for four seasons, but after the 1900 season, he signed a contract for more money with the AL's
Philadelphia Athletics
. The day after the decision, Lajoie began playing in the
American League
and became the new circuit's first superstar.
[84]
[85]
Major General Chaffee issued his farewell order to the
U.S. 9th Infantry Regiment
, bringing an end to the American military presence in
China
.
[86]
Evacuation would be completed from
Beijing
by May 23.
[87]
Born:
Werner Egk
, German composer (d.
1983
)
Saturday, May 18, 1901
The first and only recorded observation of an "eclipse rainbow" was seen by observers on the island of
Mauritius
, where astronomers had traveled to watch the first long duration
solar eclipse
of the new century. At the height of the
solar eclipse
, British astronomer
E. W. Maunder
reported a rainbow, formed by light from the
Sun
's
corona
, was visible. Maunder would write later that the rainbow "tapered at the two ends" and had "bright lines running through it, particularly a bright pink line" that he surmised to be indicative of the
hydrogen
in a
solar prominence
.
[88]
With a totality of 6 minutes, 29 seconds, it would be one of only seven in the
20th century
to last more than six minutes (the others would be in 1904, 1919, 1937, 1955, 1973 and 1991).
[89]
President
William McKinley
toured
San Francisco
and watched the launching of the new
U.S. Navy
battleship
, the
USS
Ohio
.
[90]
Maltbie Davenport Babcock
, 42, American Presbyterian clergyman and hymnwriter, best known for authoring "
This Is My Father's World
", died in an apparent suicide. While hospitalized in
Italy
after a visit to the
Middle East
, Babcock slit his wrist and swallowed "
corrosive sublimate
", a
mercuric chloride
powder.
[91]
Born:
Vincent du Vigneaud
, American chemist, 1955
Nobel Prize
laureate, in
Chicago
(d.
1978
)
Julius Adams Stratton
, American electrical engineer, author of the textbook
Electromagnetic Engineering
, President of the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
from 1964 to 1971 (d.
1994
)
Sunday, May 19, 1901
U.S. Army
Brigadier General
Loyd Wheaton
formally proclaimed a termination of the state of war in the
Philippines
.
[92]
Meeting in
Paris
, the
International Olympic Committee
unanimously voted to award the
1904 Summer Olympics
to
Chicago
.
[93]
[94]
On February 10, 1903, however, the games would be transferred to
St. Louis
, which had postponed its scheduled
World's Fair
to 1904.
[94]
Elections
were held in
Spain
for the 402-member
Congress of Deputies
, and the government of
Prime Minister
Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
continued in office.
[95]
[96]
Born:
Dorothy Buffum Chandler
, American newspaper publisher, in
La Fayette, Illinois
(d.
1997
)
Died:
Marthinus Wessel Pretorius
, 81, South African state leader, first
State President of the South African Republic
(b.
1819
)
Monday, May 20, 1901
Decorated arch erected over
George Street, Brisbane
, for the royal visit of the future King
George V
to Australia.
The Duke of Cornwall and York
, son of King Edward VII and the heir to the British throne, arrived in
Brisbane
during his tour of Australia.
At Alexandrovsky, near
Saint Petersburg
, Russian police fought with a group of 3,500 protesters at the Obuchoff Iron Works. After 12 of the police were injured, Russian soldiers fired into the crowd, killing 40 people and wounding 150 others.
[97]
U.S. Vice-President
Theodore Roosevelt
declared the formal opening of the
Pan-American Exposition
in
Buffalo, New York
.
[98]
Roosevelt noted that "The century upon which we have just entered must inevitably be one of tremendous triumph or of tremendous failure for the whole human race, because, to an infinitely greater extent than ever before, humanity is knit together in all its parts for weal or for woe."
[99]
Born:
Max Euwe
, Dutch chess player (d.
1981
)
Doris Fleeson
, American journalist (d.
1970
)
Died:
Johannes Minckwitz
, 58, German chess player, from injuries sustained after he stepped into the path of an oncoming train near
Biebrich
,
Germany
[100]
[101]
[102]
(b.
1843
)
Tuesday, May 21, 1901
King
Victor Emmanuel
narrowly missed death in an
elevator
accident and would reign for another 45 years before his forced abdication in
May 1946
. Into his tenth month as King of Italy after succeeding his assassinated father, Victor Emmanuel had returned to his palace from a walk in
Rome
and entered the elevator cab to be taken to his apartments on the second story, but "an inexperienced servant set the indicator for the third story." There being no safety gates or doors on the cab, passengers simply stepped out when the elevator reached their destination. "Arriving at the second story, the King was on the point of stepping out as the elevator continued to ascend," a worldwide report noted the next day, "but he jumped back in the nick of time, and thus escaped being crushed."
[103]
The
Beaver Line
steamship SS
Lake Champlain
became the first ocean going vessel to be equipped with the new technology of
wireless radio
, as a telegraph transmitter was installed on the ship while it was in port in
Liverpool
.
[104]
[105]
[106]
In
Montgomery, Alabama
, the convention to
disenfranchise African-American voters
by revising the
Constitution of Alabama
opened, with 155 delegates,
[107]
most of whom were members of the state Democratic Party, which had adopted the slogan "White Supremacy and Pure Elections".
[108]
Born:
Regina M. Anderson
, African-American playwright (d.
1993
)
Manfred Aschner
, German-Israeli microbiologist and entomologist, recipient of the
Israel Prize
(d.
1989
)
Horace Heidt
, American bandleader (d.
1986
)
Sam Jaffe
, American film producer (d.
2000
)
Suzanne Lilar
, Belgian essayist, novelist, and playwright, in
Ghent
(d.
1992
)
Margaret Little
, British psychoanalyst, developer of
object relations theory
(d.
1994
)
Died:
Sir
John Edmund Commerell
, 72, former British
Admiral of the Fleet
(b.
1829
)
Fitz John Porter
, 78, American army officer,
brigadier general
for the
Union Army
who was
court-martialed
after the
Second Battle of Bull Run
for insubordination (b.
1822
)
Wednesday, May 22, 1901
Ahmed ʻUrabi
Ahmed ʻUrabi
Pasha, who led the
Egyptian rebellion
against the British in 1882 and had been banished to
British Ceylon
, was pardoned by the British government.
[109]
Five hundred Boer prisoners of war arrived in
India
, to be relocated to a POW camp in
Ahmednagar
.
[95]
Queen
Yaa Asantewaa
, who had led the
Ashanti War
against the British colonial government in
Ghana
in 1900 was sent into exile along with 15 other rebel leaders and their dependents, and would live for the rest of her life on the other side of
Africa
, on the
Seychelles
Islands.
[110]
Sir
Thomas Lipton
and his seven guests, including
King
Edward
of the
United Kingdom
, were sailing in Lipton's
yacht
,
Shamrock II
, in the strait of
The Solent
off the coast of the
Isle of Wight
, when a storm suddenly struck. The
spars
, masts and sails of the yacht were destroyed, effectively preventing the management of the sails, but Lipton was able to bring the monarch back to safety.
[95]
[111]
Vice-President
Theodore Roosevelt
was the victim of an elaborate practical joke staged by the organizers of the
Pan-American Exposition
. The future President was asked to lead dignitaries to visit an old log cabin behind the fairgrounds, and "as he stooped to enter the cabin door there was a terrific warwhoop and two Indians in full war paint and feathers leaped up from the darkness and seized Colonel Roosevelt. Instantly there was a tremendous tumult of warwhoops and the report of many guns," the press noted the next day. The two "attackers" were well-known
Oglala Sioux
leaders,
American Horse
and
Jack Red Cloud
. When Roosevelt realized that it was a prank, he laughed and said, "By Jove, this is a rum on me."
[112]
Born:
Clarissa Scott Delany
, African-American poet and educator (d.
1927
)
Died:
Gaetano Bresci
, 31, the anarchist who assassinated
King
Umberto
of
Italy
, hanged himself in his cell at the
San Stefano
Prison. After his arrest at the assassination scene on
July 29, 1900
, Bresci was sentenced to life imprisonment, the highest penalty in
Italy
. According to an American commentator, however, his suicide "was the result of a series of tortures inflicted by order of the government, with the intention of driving him to end his life" and that "From the hour of his conviction those in charge of the prisoner sought by every method known to make him inflict the extreme penalty for his crime."
[113]
[114]
Thursday, May 23, 1901
The Keloet
volcano
on the island of
Java
erupted, killing hundreds of people.
[115]
France
announced "the opening of the French Soudan" (now
Mali
in northwest
Africa
rather than
Sudan
in northeast
Africa
) "to European traffic" after a successful navigation of the
Niger River
by Captain Eugène Lenfant. The French captain led a mission of taking flat-bottomed boats with 60 tons of provisions to French troops at
Gaya, Niger
.
[116]
In another one of the great comebacks of baseball history, the
Cleveland Blues
(known at the time as the "Blues") defeated the
Washington Senators
despite being down 13–5 with two men out near the end of the final inning. After
Bill Hoffer
and
Ollie Pickering
were struck out by Washington pitcher
Casey Patten
,
Jack McCarthy
came up to bat, and hit a single that began a rally that saw nine consecutive runs scored.
[117]
[118]
[119]
For the first time in any major league baseball game, a player was
intentionally walked
despite the bases being loaded.
Nap Lajoie
of the
Philadelphia Athletics
, the biggest star of the new
American League
was in Chicago for a game against the
Chicago White Stockings
. Going into the ninth inning, Chicago had an 11–5 lead, but there were no outs and men on first, second and third base when Lajoie came up to bat against pitcher
Zaza Harvey
; so,
Clark Griffith
, who the team manager and one of the pitchers, substituted himself for Harvey. Reasoning that Lajoie could bring in four scores with a home run, Griffith decided instead to throw four bad pitches so that only one run would score from Lajoie's time at bat, and
Philadelphia
's
Phil Geier
advanced from third base to home. Three of the next four batters were forced out, and Chicago won, 11–9.
[120]
Intentional walks with the bases loaded would happen only two more times in the 115 seasons that followed, happening on July 23, 1944 (in the
New York Giants'
12–10 win over the
Chicago Cubs
, and on May 28, 1998, in
Arizona
's 8–7 defeat of
San Francisco
).
[121]
The first
Canadian Patriotic Fund
Association, intended for relief of Canadian veterans and the families of Canadians killed in the
Second Boer War
, was incorporated.
[122]
Born:
Charles W. Morris
, American philosopher and pioneer in the field of
semiotics
, in
Denver
(d.
1979
)
Edmund Rubbra
, English classical composer, in
Northampton
,
England
(d.
1986
)
Died:
Charles Boysset, 84, the oldest member of
France
's Chamber of Deputies, after 52 years in office.
Friday, May 24, 1901
Eighty-one coal miners were killed in an accident at the Universal Colliery at
Senghenydd
in South
Wales
.
[95]
[123]
Officials at the
Royal Academy of Music
in
London
announced that
The Fairy-Queen
had been rediscovered after being considered lost for almost 200 years. The full score for the opera, composed by English composer
Henry Purcell
, had not been seen since the early
18th century
, had been in a box of manuscripts that had been bequeathed to the academy library in 1887 by R. J. S. Stevens.
[124]
Social activist
Emily Hobhouse
returned from her tour of
South Africa
and brought back the news that the
British Army
was keeping South African civilians in
concentration camps
.
[125]
A sidewheel excursion boat with 600 people on board, the steamer
Empire State
, caught fire and began leaking after it was caught in a storm 12 miles (19 km) from shore on the
St. Lawrence River
. The captain and crew were able to bring the ship to
Ogdensburg, New York
, as it was gradually going down, "and the vessel just made shore when it sank in eight feet of water". There were no injuries. The steamship
City of Baltimore
sank in
Lake Huron
, off the coast of
East Tawas, Michigan
, after it was destroyed by a storm, and only two of the 15 people on board survived.
[126]
[127]
Destroyed also was the schooner
C. H. Hackley
, which sank in
Lake Michigan
with seven people on board while attempting to travel from
Milwaukee
to
Sheboygan, Wisconsin
.
[128]
Born:
:
Arvid Harnack
, German lawyer, economist and leader of resistance against
Adolf Hitler
, in
Darmstadt
,
Germany
(d.
1942
, executed)
Hermann Priess
, German army officer, convicted of the
Malmedy massacre
during
World War II
, in
Marnitz
,
Germany
(d.
1985
)
Died:
:
Louis-Zéphirin Moreau
, 77, French Canadian bishop beatified in 1987 (b.
1824
)
Charlotte Mary Yonge
, 77, English novelist (b.
1823
)
Saturday, May 25, 1901
Norway
granted the right to vote to women, limited to those who were taxpayers.
[95]
A fire in a mine in
Germany
killed 31 miners.
[95]
The British weekly magazine
Tit-Bits
announced that
Arthur Conan Doyle
was going to resume writing the adventures of his fictional detective,
Sherlock Holmes
, nearly eight years after the character had been killed off in the story "
The Final Problem
". The first installment of
The Hound of the Baskervilles
would appear in August in
The Strand Magazine
.
[129]
Boer troops attacked a British convoy under the command of
General
Herbert Plumer
and destroyed half of it.
[95]
The last remaining
cable car
in
New York City
, operating on Broadway Street between
Bowling Green
Park and 59th Street, made its final run. By the
20th century
, the cars had been superseded by
electric trolleys
.
[130]
At 8:30 p.m., the cable line that pulled the car was dismantled, to make way for the installation of electric lines.
[131]
Representatives from 27 different labor organizations gathered in
Buenos Aires
and formed the
Federación Obrera Regional Argentina
(FORA, the
Argentine Regional Workers' Federation
).
[132]
[133]
The
Club Atlético River Plate
, named for the
Río de la Plata
which serves Buenos Aires, was founded in
Argentina
. Its professional
football team
, generally referred to as "River Plate", would become the most successful in
Argentina
's national league, and would win the titles in 28 of its first 100 years, as well as being honored by
FIFA
as one of the ten best teams of the
20th century
.
Both of
South Carolina
's U.S. Senators,
Benjamin Tillman
and
John L. McLaurin
, resigned following a joint debate, and asked that they be re-elected by the
South Carolina Senate
.
[134]
The
Creek Indians national council
voted to ratify an allotment agreement with the
United States
that provided that the Creek tribal government would be dissolved effective March 4, 1906, and that the land (located in eastern
Oklahoma
) would be made available to be resold to private buyers.
[135]
[136]
Born:
Antônio Castilho de Alcântara Machado
, Brazilian novelist (d.
1935
)
Sunday, May 26, 1901
The government of Imperial China announced that it had reached an agreement with the members of the
Eight-Nation Alliance
(the six European superpowers, along with Japan and the United States) on the
indemnity
to be paid by China for damages arising from the
Boxer Rebellion
of 1900. Economists at the time estimated that it would take China 39 years to pay the reparations amount of 450 million
taels
(£67,500,000 or $175,500,000) along with four percent annual interest, and that China would have to raise 23,000,000 taels in tax revenues each year in order to avoid default.
[137]
[138]
Monday, May 27, 1901
The
United States Supreme Court
decided the first of the "
Insular Cases
" that arose from questions over the status of the first overseas territories captured by the U.S. in a war against a foreign power.
DeLima v. Bidwell
and
Downes v. Bidwell
were both lawsuits over the status of
Puerto Rico
(referred to at the time as "Porto Rico"), ceded to the United States by
Spain
following the
Spanish–American War
, but the decision would apply to all territories, including the
Philippines
. The cases arose when the State of New York continued to collect a tariffs and duties on a "foreign import" after the cession; as Justice Brown described it in the 5–4 majority opinion in
DeLima
, the question was "whether Porto Rico was a 'foreign country' at the time the sugars were shipped", and more specifically, "whether a country which had been ceded to us, the cession accepted, possession delivered and the island occupied and administered without interference by Spain or any other power, was a foreign country or domestic territory". The Court concluded "that... Porto Rico was not a foreign country within the meaning of the tariff laws, but a territory of the United States, that the duties were illegally exacted, and that the plaintiffs are entitled to recover them back."
[139]
In the
Downes
case, however, the Court concluded that although Puerto Rico was not a foreign nation, it "is a territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States, but not a part of the United States within the revenue clauses of the Constitution... and that the plaintiff cannot recover back the duties exacted in this case." The Court also ruled that "the guarantee against deprivation of life, liberty and property without due process of law is fundamental and hence applicable in all the possessions of the United States", but added that "in the case of Porto Rico and the Philippines... there is an implied denial of the right of the inhabitants to American citizenship until Congress by further action shall signify its assent thereto."
[140]
[141]
In New Jersey, the Edison Storage Battery Company was founded.
[142]
Twenty-one coal miners in the Richland Mining Company's underground excavation near
Dayton, Tennessee
, were killed by two simultaneous explosions that resulted from poor placement of black powder charges.
[143]
Because the person doing the coal firing used too much of the powder, the explosion "blew outward in a long flame" which "ignited coal dust particles suspended in a mine atmosphere, resulting in an instantaneous flash fire through the entire length of the mine", then caused massive sections of the roof to collapse.
[144]
Boer troops captured the British outpost of the Midland Mounted Rifles, taking 41 British troops prisoner on their way to
Maraisburg
,
South Africa
.
[95]
Died:
Artur Hazelius
, 77, Swedish scholar and creator of the
Nordic Museum
(b.
1833
)
Tuesday, May 28, 1901
Oilman D'Arcy and Shah of Iran
The
Anglo-Persian Oil Company
, represented by Alfred L. Marriott on behalf of
William Knox D'Arcy
, signed an agreement with the
Shah of Iran
,
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
, with APOC receiving exclusive rights to drill for oil within almost all of Iran except for the five northern provinces bordering Russia,
[145]
a 480,000 square mile area.
[146]
The lease, binding for the next sixty years, was made in exchange for 40,000 British pounds
[147]
and a royalty to Iran of 16% of the profits.
[148]
Kaiser Wilhelm
ordered that the number of German troops in
China
be reduced, and summoned the commanding general, Count
Alfred von Waldersee
, back to
Berlin
.
[149]
[150]
Fighting in
British Somaliland
against the "Mad Mullah", British forces cut off his base of supplies and captured 5,000 head of cattle used to supply the Mullah's forces.
[95]
The Cuban Constitutional Convention voted 15–14 to accept the terms of the
Platt Amendment
passed by the
United States Congress
, allowing the
United States
to exercise protectorate control over
Cuba
, but with fewer amendments.
[151]
[152]
Even then, however, President
William McKinley
refused to accept the Cuban resolution because it still contained qualifiers,
[153]
so a third vote would be held on June 12.
[154]
Wednesday, May 29, 1901
Fifty-one British Army soldiers and six officers of the Seventh Battalion of Imperial Yeomanry were killed, and another 122 wounded, near the South African town of
Vlakfontein
, in an attack on Brigadier General Henry Dixon's brigade by Boer General
Jan Kemp
.
[155]
Kemp's cavalry of 500 burghers had charged the British column, using a new technique where the soldiers fired their rifles from horseback.
[156]
The opera
Manru
, written by Polish
Ignacy Jan Paderewski
, was performed for the first time, with the premiere at the Royal Opera in
Dresden
.
[157]
The world's foremost automobile race, the
James Gordon Bennett Cup
, was won by
Henri Fournier
, who completed the 345-mile (555 km) distance from Paris to Bourdeaux in less than nine hours, crossing the finish line in a time of 8:44:44. Fournier had been a distant third until the two race leaders,
Fernand Charron
and
Alfred Levegh
(pseudonym for Alfred Velghe), collided at
Orléans
and were forced to withdraw.
[158]
[159]
Thursday, May 30, 1901
The first "hall of fame", the
Hall of Fame for Great Americans
, was formally opened, on
The Bronx
campus of
New York University
.
[160]
President
William McKinley
returned to
Washington, D.C.
after a month-long tour of the
United States
.
[95]
King Victor Emmanuel
of
Italy
oversaw the launching of the most powerful vessel in the
Italian Navy
fleet, the
battleship
Regina Margherita
.
[161]
Much Ado About Nothing
, an opera composed by
Charles Villiers Stanford
and based on the play of the same name by
William Shakespeare
, was performed for the first time, premiering at the
Royal Opera House
in London.
[162]
Harry S. Truman
completed his formal education, graduating from Independence High School in
Independence, Missouri
, at the age of 17. Truman would be rejected by the
United States Military Academy
at West Point because of his poor eyesight, and would go on to be the last President of the United States to never have gone to college.
[163]
Born:
Frankie Trumbauer
, American jazz saxophonist, in
Carbondale, Illinois
(d.
1956
)
Friday, May 31, 1901
Bulgaria
amended its election law to disenfranchise the Muslim members of the
Romani
(or "gypsy") minority, and people classified as nomads, despite constitutional guarantees of equal voting rights.
[164]
Detective
Edward Henry
began work at London's
Scotland Yard
as the new
Assistant Commissioner
, and began the process of implementing his
Henry Classification System
of
fingerprints
to create the first Central Fingerprint Branch by July.
[165]
Bechstein Hall
(now
Wigmore Hall
), the leading international venue for performances of
chamber music
because of its acoustics, held its first concert, with
Ferruccio Busoni
on the piano and
Eugène Ysaÿe
on the violin inaugurating the
London
facility.
[166]
A Baptist minister from
Pittsburg, Texas
, Burrell Cannon, was granted U.S. Patent No. 62,509
[167]
for the key component to what he called the
Ezekiel Airship
, registering his design for the "marine propeller" that he said was inspired by the "wheel in the middle of a wheel" referred to in the
Bible
in the
Book of Ezekiel
, verse 1:16.
[168]
Using the Ezekiel reference as a guide, Cannon proposed four of the wheels as propellers for a heavier-than-air flying machine, and sold $20,000 worth of stock in the Ezekiel Airship Manufacturing Company to potential investors. "If it is true that he actually flew the craft," an author would note later, "then he beat the Wright Brothers by more than two years."
[169]
However, the airship itself would never be patented, nor do any blueprints survive, and the model would be accidentally destroyed while it was being shipped in a railroad car.
[170]
On June 23, newspapers in the
United States
carried a drawing of the airship and announced that "The first product of the Ezekiel Airship company will take its trial spin July 1... The ship will be launched at Pittsburg, Tex." with Cannon "at the steering gear."
[171]
Five people, ranging in age from 16 to 72 years old, were lynched by a mob in
Lookout, California
, after being arrested for petty theft. At 2:00 in the morning, Calvin Hall was visiting the local hotel where his three sons, Frank, James and Martin, were being held in custody along with a friend, B. D. Yantis, when "a mob of fifty persons" overpowered the two constables guarding the group, then took the Hall family and Yantis to a bridge over the
Pit River
. Frank was put to death even before the group reached the main bridge, and the mob hanged the other four shortly afterward.
[172]
Born:
Alfredo Antonini
, Italian-born American conductor and composer, in
Milan
(d.
1983
)
References
^
"Japanese Cabinet Is Out".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. May 3, 1901. p. 1.
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
The American Monthly Review of Reviews
(June 1901), pp. 666-669.
^
"Big Buffalo Fair Is Opened".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. May 2, 1901. p. 1.
^
Eisenstadt, Peter R.; Moss, Laura-Eve, eds. (2005). "Pan-American Exposition".
The Encyclopedia of New York State
.
Syracuse University Press
. p. 1178.
^
"M'Kinley's Day in Cotton Belt".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. May 2, 1901. p. 2.
^
David Jeremiah,
Architecture and Design For the Family in Britain, 1900–1970
(Manchester University Press, 2000) p17
^
"Glasgow Fair Is Opened",
Chicago Daily Tribune
, May 3, 1901, p. 4
^
Ida M. Tarbell
,
The History of the Standard Oil Company
(McClure, Phillips and Co., 1904; reprinted by Cosimo, Inc., 2010) p. 187
^
"New Look, Old Cinders", by George Jackson, in
Dance Chronicle
, pp. 135-141 (2008)
^
Gustav Mahler: Letters to His Wife
, edited by Henry-Louis de La Grange and Günther Weiss (Cornell University Press, 2004) pp. 34-35
^
David Blevins,
The Sports Hall of Fame Encyclopedia: Baseball, Basketball, Football, Hockey, Soccer
(Rowman & Littlefield, 2012) pp. 387-388
^
"White Stockings Forfeit a Game",
Chicago Daily Tribune
, May 3, 1901, p. 8
^
a
b
"Jacksonville, Fla.", in
The Americana: A Universal Reference Library, Comprising the Arts and Sciences, Literature, History, Biography, Geography, Commerce, Etc., of the World
(Scientific American Compiling Dep't, 1911)
^
John W. Cowart,
Men of Valor: A History of Firefighting in Jacksonville, Florida 1886–1986
(Bluefish Books, 2006) pp. 41-43
^
"Big Fire Loss at Jacksonville",
Chicago Daily Tribune
, May 4, 1901, p. 1
^
William Garrott Brown,
The South at Work: Observations from 1904
(University of South Carolina Press, 2014)
^
a
b
c
Lloyd J. Mercer,
E.H. Harriman: Master Railroader
(Beard Books, 1985) pp. 94-95
^
Redclift, Michael (2004).
Chewing Gum: The Fortunes of Taste
.
Routledge
. p. 57.
^
Dixon, Jeffrey S.; Sarkees, Meredith Reid, eds. (2015).
A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816–2014
.
CQ Press
.
^
Wren, Daniel A.
; Greenwood, Ronald G. (1998).
Management Innovators: The People and Ideas that Have Shaped Modern Business
.
Oxford University Press
. p. 85.
^
"The Royal Visit— Arrival of the Ophir— Unexpected Appearance in the Bay".
The Age
.
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"Stocks at Top Prices Again; Northern Pacific Leads the Boom with a Rise of Twenty Points",
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, May 7, 1901, p. 8
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"See War Behind Boom; Railway Men So Explain the Northern Pacific's Jump",
Chicago Daily Tribune
, May 7, 1901, p. 8
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"Money Giants in Fight for Power",
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"Panic Sweeps Stock Exchange— Bitter Fight of Financial Powers for Control of Northern Pacific Wrecks Many Lesser Ventures,
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"Boston Americans Cheered to Victory by 11,000 Rooters; Home Team Defeats the Phillies by Score of 12 to 4",
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"Stock Panic Works Ruin to Hundreds",
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"Opening of the Commonwealth Parliament",
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"Quick Recovery Follows Panic",
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"Finds a Strange New Animal".
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"Athletics Turn the Tables",
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"Americans on Way from Pekin— General Chaffee Orders Evacuation of City by United States Troops",
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"Warship Ohio Now Is Afloat",
Chicago Sunday Tribune
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"Election Day over in Spain".
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"Formally Open Buffalo's Fair".
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"Chess Playing and Insanity".
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"Victor Emmanuel's Narrow Escape".
The New York Times
. May 23, 1901. p. 1.
^
"Tests the Marconi System— Transatlantic Steamer Equipped with Wireless Telegraph Will Try to Signal to Shore".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. May 22, 1901. p. 5.
^
"Marine Wireless First Installed on Merchant Ship Just Twenty Years Ago"
.
The Nautical Gazette
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^
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^
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"Pardon for Arabi Pasha".
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"Shamrock II Disabled and Races Delayed".
Chicago Daily Tribune
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"Indians Capture Roosevelt".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. May 23, 1901. p. 1.
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"King's Assassin Kills Himself".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. May 23, 1901. p. 1.
^
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"Volcano Active in Java",
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, May 24, 1901, p. 1
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"French Soudan Is Open",
Chicago Daily Tribune
, May 24, 1901, p. 1
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"Cleveland Defeats Washington in a Garrison Finish",
Washington Times
, May 24, 1901, p3
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"Nine Runs in the Ninth",
Chicago Daily Tribune
, May 24, 1901, p6
^
"'Griff' Fills the Breach",
Chicago Daily Tribune
, May 24, 1901, p6
^
Peter Morris,
A Game of Inches: The Stories Behind the Innovations that Shaped Baseball
, Volume 1 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006) p. 230
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Desmond Morton,
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(University of British Columbia Press, 2004) p. 53
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"Seventy-Three Are Entombed".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. May 25, 1901. p. 1.
^
"Long Lost Opera Found— Full Score of Purcell's "Fairy Queen", Missing for Two Hundred Years, Discovered in London".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. May 25, 1901. p. 1.
^
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"Death in Storm on Great Lakes— Eleven Men and One Woman on Steamer Baltimore Are Drowned When Vessel Sinks— Excursion Party of 600 Has a Narrow Escape".
Chicago Daily Tribune
. May 25, 1901. p. 1.
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"Adds One to Baltimore Victims".
Chicago Sunday Tribune
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^
"Seven Drowned; Schooner Lost".
Chicago Daily Tribune
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"China Agrees to Indemnity",
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"Isles in Union, But Separate Tariff Legal",
Chicago Daily Tribune
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"Edison Solves Battery Secret— Electrical Wizard Tells What His New Storage Cells Are Able to Do",
Chicago Daily Tribune
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^
"Twenty-One Die in Mine Disaster— Nearly Entire Shift in Dayton, Tenn., Shaft Killed by Coal Dust Explosion",
Chicago Daily Tribune
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^
"To Bring Troops From China— Germany Charters Thirteen Steamers and 18,000 Soldiers Are Expected Home by September".
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"Cabinet Rejects Reply of Cuba".
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"British Report Loss of 174 Men— Boers Attack Vladfontein Garrison and Fierce Fighting Follows".
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"Launch Italian Battleship",
Chicago Daily Tribune
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"London Sees a New Opera",
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"Mob Lynches Five Men".
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. June 1, 1901. p. 2.
v
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Dec
1904
Jan
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Jul
Aug
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Oct
Nov
Dec
1903
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
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Jul
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1902
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1899
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Apr
May
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1898
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1897
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Feb
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Apr
May
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Jul
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1896
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