November 26, 1901: "Auguste D.", dementia patient...November 15, 1901: The Acousticon, first battery-powered hearing aid, is patented... becomes textbook case for Dr. Alois Alzheimer
The Pan-American Exposition, marred by the assassination of U.S. President William McKinley and inadequate revenues, closed in Buffalo, New York. "At midnight," the press reported, "President John G. Milburn pressed an electric button and the lights in the famous electric tower grew dim for the last time. Slowly one by one, the lights on the post and pinnace and tower faded away. A corps of buglers standing in the tower sounded 'taps' and one of the greatest glories of the exposition, the electric illumination, passed and away and the exposition was ended."[3] During its six-month run, the Exposition's losses were estimated at three million dollars.[4]
An assassin attempted to kill China's Dowager Empress, Tzu Hsi, as she and her entourage were making their journey through the Henan Province back to Beijing. One of the Empress's attendants killed the attacker with a spear, and the party continued onward the next day.[5]
The Columbus Panhandles professional football team, which would later be one of the founding members of the National Football League, played its first recorded game, losing to the Columbus Barracks, a team of local soldiers. The Panhandles lost, 6–2.[8]
The Philippine Commission, composed of five American officials and three Filipino members who served as the lawmaking body of the American occupied Philippine Islands, passed the Philippine Sedition Act, making it a crime to "utter seditious words or speeches, write, publish or circulate scurrilous libels" against the occupation government or the United States government.[10] American author Mark Twain was one of the critics of the strict law, and wrote, "What is treason in one part of our States... is doubtless law everywhere under the flag," and added, "On these terms, I would rather be a traitor than an archangel."[11]
The Wandervogel, described by one historian as "the first independent youth movement",[12] was founded in Germany by Karl Fischer and nine other young men, at a meeting in the basement of the Town Hall in Steglitz, a suburb of Berlin.[13] The full name of the association was Wandervogel, Ausschuß für Schülerfahrten (Association for Student Excursions); the word Wandervogel itself literally means "wandering birds".[14]
The committee of the Aéro-Club de France, faced with a public outcry for denying the Deutsch Prize to Alberto Santos-Dumont, voted 12 to 9 to award him the prize of 100,000 francs for navigating an airship from Longchamps to the Eiffel Tower and back within 30 minutes.[15] In October, Santos-Dumont had been denied the prize because he had arrived 30 minutes and 40 seconds after he departed.
King Edward of the United Kingdom was given a new title, Edward VII. Dei Gratia Britannorum et Terrarum Transarinarum Quae in Dicione Sunt Britannica Rex. Fidel Defensor. Indiae Imperator ("Edward the Seventh, by the grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British dominions beyond the sea, King, defender of the faith, and Emperor of India").[16]
Importing an event that was popular in Europe, the Automobile Club of New Jersey conducted the first automotive hill climb in the United States. The Eagle Rock Hill Climb took place in West Orange, New Jersey, with a race up the steep Eagle Rock Avenue.[21]
Nikola Tesla was granted U.S. Patent No. 685,957 for his invention, "Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy", which he described as a machine that could convert the sun's energy and turn it into electricity.[22]
The French Navy's Mediterranean Fleet seized three ports on the Turkish island of Midilli (now the Greek island of Lesbos), to be held until the government of the Ottoman Empire satisfied French debts.[23]
Voters in Berwyn and Oak Park, now both suburbs of Chicago, voted to separate from Cicero Township and to become independent cities.[25] The vote in Berwyn was 1,237 to 298 in favor of separation, and was 1,357 to 250 in Oak Park.[26]
Died:Kate Greenaway, 55, English illustrator of children's books, died of breast cancer (b. 1846) [29]
Thursday, November 7, 1901
Twenty-six federal inmates, who had been working on construction of the new prison at Leavenworth, Kansas, overpowered their guards and escaped.[30] Correctional Officer Joseph B. Waldrupe of the Federal Bureau of Prisons was shot and mortally wounded during the escape. He would die of his injuries on November 16.[31]
Mexico introduced a proposed arbitration treaty at the Pan-American Conference, modeled after the Hague Treaty signed by European states.[1]
A division of French Army troops was killed in Africa while attempting to attack the Senussi village of Bir 'Alali in what is now the Republic of Chad. The French would return in greater force and capture the area on January 20, 1902.[36]
Thomas Edison completed a newsreel showing a re-enactment of the execution of presidential assassin Leon Czolgosz in the electric chair at Auburn State Prison in October, after being denied a request to film the actual event. Edwin S. Porter and George S. Fleming had taken a movie of the outside of the prison, then recreated the scene using actors posing as prison guards and technicians, and one portraying Czolgosz himself. "As depicted by Edison's men," an author would later note, "the apparent painlessness of Czolgosz's death promoted the belief that electrocution was indeed a kindly method of dispatch," and cinema audiences enjoyed the recreated death scene.[38]
Sunday, November 10, 1901
Japan's Emperor Meiji
The train on which Japan's Emperor Meiji was riding was almost involved in an collision with another train stalled on the same track, when the Traffic Section Chief at the Semine Station allowed the Imperial Train to depart. The near miss involving the Imperial Train would be used by the Nippon Railway Company as the basis for the dissolution of the recently formed labor union of engine drivers, the Kyoseikai.[39]
On his way home after a Saturday night state dinner on the occasion of King Edward's birthday, Ottawa Mayor W. D. Morris committed a minor criminal offense that would lead to his resignation only a week later. Morris, who had been inaugurated as the Canadian capital's mayor at the beginning of the year, was with two friends and the group stopped by the Russell House hotel for drinks. When he bought more drinks for himself and his friends after the bar closed at midnight, he was charged by the Ottawa Chief of Police with violating the provincial law against "buying liquor during prohibited hours". Under Ontario's municipalities law at the time, a violator of provincial acts was disqualified from voting or holding public office for a period of two years, and Mayor Morris pled guilty on November 16, then resigned.[41][42]
Voters in Alabama approved a new state constitution that disenfranchised African Americans (taking away their right to vote), favoring it by a margin of 108,613 to 81,734.[45][46] Many of the votes in favor had come from African Americans who were unaware of the provisions that would ultimately remove their power to cast ballots. During the years from 1901 to 1908, the number of registered African American voters in Alabama would decline from 79,000 to fewer than 4,000, and the Alabama model would be followed by other states in the Deep South.[47]
Ioseb "Koba" Jughashvili, who would become the absolute ruler of the Soviet Union as Joseph Stalin, went on trial before his fellow Marxists of the Tiflis (now Tbilisi) branch of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, to investigate slander against party leaders. The local Party committee voted unanimously to expel him from membership, describing him to be "a slanderer and an intriguer", and he left the Georgian capital to move to Batumi, Georgia.[48]
After his New York Journal morning newspaper suffered a decline of readership because of its continued criticism of President William McKinley prior to his assassination, publisher William Randolph Hearst rebranded the daily as the New York Journal and American, as a prelude to selling it as the New York American in 1902.[49]
The most powerful recorded storm in British history, up to that time, struck southern Ireland, Wales, the Midlands, Lincolnshire and into the English Channel,[53] killing more than 200 people over 48 hours.[54] Winds averaging nearly 70 miles an hour, with gusts up to 100 mph, sank ships in the Channel and at the Southwest Approaches.[55] Among the ships that went down were the revenue cutter Active, with the captain and 19 of its crew of 24 being drowned at the Granton breakwater; an unidentified French ship with 19 aboard wrecked at Sunderland; seven people on the Swedish barqueTrio; and 16 crewmen on the Norwegian barque Inga.[56]
The United States government warned the government of Bulgaria not to interfere with American negotiations to free hostage Ellen Stone, and the Bulgarian government would be held responsible if she were killed.[1]
Died: Sister Julia McGroarty, 74, founder of the prestigious all-female Trinity College (now Trinity Washington University).
Wednesday, November 13, 1901
In one of the more prominent disasters from the Great Storm that struck the British Isles, the rescue boat Beauchamp was capsized along with its crew after setting off from Caister-on-Sea in an attempt to save a vessel sinking in the North Sea. Only three of the 14 rescuers on board, who had continued to row into the storm despite the heavy surf, survived.[54][57][58]
In a letter to explorer Fridtjof Nansen, Swedish oceanographerVagn Walfrid Ekman first demonstrated the mathematical explanation of what is now referred to as the Ekman spiral to predict the direction of ocean flow based on wind conditions, prevailing currents, and the Coriolis force produced by the steady rotation of the Earth.[59]
Roughly 200 square miles of the Arizona Territory was added to the existing Navajo Indian Reservation by executive order of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.[60] The addition, which includes the town of Leupp, Arizona (named for Bureau of Indian Affairs official, and later Commissioner, Francis E. Leupp, and referred to in the Navajo language as Tsiizizii) is referred to as the "Leupp Extension".[61]
Inventor Miller Reese Hutchison of New York City applied for two patents for the components of what would become the first battery-powered hearing aid, which he marketed under the brand name "Acousticon". U.S. Patent 707,699-A for the battery and charging apparatus would be granted on August 26, 1902, and 718,204-A for the electrical amplifier on January 13, 1903. The device would be used by Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom at the coronation ceremony for her husband, King Edward, on August 9, 1902, and she would present Hutchinson with a medal in appreciation of his invention. Hutchinson also invented the extremely loud klaxon, leading Mark Twain to remark, "You invented the Klaxon horn to make people deaft, so they'd have to use your acoustic device in order to make them hear again!"[62]
At the Sandy Hook Proving Ground in New Jersey, the United States Army unveiled its new 12-inch (300 mm) diameter cannon in a competition against the 18-inch (460 mm) "dynamite shell" cannon invented by Louis Gathmann. The army cannon proved to be a weapon powerful enough to sink enemy ships, in that it "not only fired a shell completely through the armor but exploded the shell on the inside, wrecking the target and absolutely destroying the steel construction representing the cofferdam structure of the modern big battleship".[63] A reporter noted that "This feat of sending an armor piercing shell through a thick piece of armor and then exploding it has never before been accomplished in the world." As for Gathmann's weapon, which he had claimed "would reduce an armorplate to powder", "the largest gun in the world proved to be a disastrous failure... barely denting the big armor plate against which it was fired at point blank range."
The Alpha Sigma Alpha sorority was founded by five students at Virginia State Female Normal School (now Longwood University) in Farmville, Virginia. It now has chapters at 91 universities and colleges, with a chartered purpose "to cultivate friendship among its members, and in every way to create pure and elevating sentiments, to perform such deeds and to mold such opinions as will tend to elevate and ennoble womanhood in the world."[64]
Saturday, November 16, 1901
The first automobile race in Argentina was held in Buenos Aires, at a horse racing track in Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo. Juan Cassoulet won the first event, rounding the 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) dirt track in 49 seconds at a speed of 73.46 kilometres per hour (45.65 mph).[65]
At least 25 crewmen on the Norwegian steamer Ella were killed when a gale caused their vessel to wreck on the north coast of Newfoundland, near Belle Isle, with the loss of all hands. The Ella was making its last scheduled trip of the year when it departed Montreal the day before carrying cargo to St. John's.[66]
An American automobile record was set by the first car to achieve the speed of "a mile a minute" (60 miles per hour (97 km/h)). The occasion was a race sponsored by the Long Island Automobile Club and held on the Ocean Parkway in Brooklyn, New York.[69][70]
U.S. MarineCaptainDavid Dixon Porter led several columns of soldiers in an invasion of the island of Samar in the Philippines that included climbing makeshift bamboo ladders to reach enemy fortifications 200 feet (61 m) above his men. For his gallantry in battle, Porter would be awarded the Medal of Honor more than three decades later, in 1934.[71]
The "Dance of the Forty-One" scandal (El baile de los cuarenta y uno) began when police in Mexico City carried out a raid on a transvestite ballroom dance and arrested 41 young men from Mexico's wealthy families, who "were found dancing with each other, half of them dressed and made up as women".[72] Although the men were neither charged nor tried before a court, the Governor of the Federal District found the 41 men guilty of depravity and sentenced them to hard labor[73] or the choice of serving in the Mexican Army.[74]
Ten workmen were killed and 28 injured on the Great Northern Railway when their train was struck by a freight train near Culbertson, Montana.[75]
Joyce Wethered (Lady Heathcoat-Amory) British female golfer, English Ladies' champion from 1920 through 1925; in New Malden, London (d. 1997)
Monday, November 18, 1901
Secretary Hay and Ambassador Pauncefote
The Hay–Pauncefote Treaty, acknowledging neutrality and partial American control of the proposed Isthmian Canal across Nicaragua, was signed in Washington, D.C. by United States Secretary of StateJohn Hay, and the British Ambassador to the United States, Lord Julian Pauncefote. The new pact, ratified on February 21, 1902, superseded the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty of 1850 and let the United States the right to construct, operate and defend (with fortifications) a canal, in return for guaranteeing that the ships of all nations would be allowed to use it and that the tolls would be equal and fair for users.[77] By agreement of the two nations, the text of the treaty was required to remain a secret until the United States Senate could act upon it. Lord Pauncefote had been sick for several days, and was not expected to sign as scheduled, but had recovered enough to be driven to the United States Department of State for the private signing ceremony.[78]
Inventor David T. Kenney applied for the first patent for a central vacuum cleaning system for an apartment or office building, relying upon a vacuum pump installed in the basement with outlets in every room to which a hose could be connected. U.S. Patent 847,947 would be granted to him on March 19, 1907.[79]
Henry Pierrepoint performed his first execution as an assistant hangman, assisting London's principal executioner, James Billington in the hanging of Marcel Faugeron at Newgate Prison.[80] Pierrepoint would become Britain's chief hangman in 1905.
Near Telluride, Colorado, 30 employees of the Smuggler-Union Coal Company Mine died from smoke inhalation produced by a fire in an outlying building. Because of wind conditions and lower air pressure inside the mine, the smoke was pulled into the mine tunnels, where 100 men had been working.[82][83][84]
Almost 33 centuries after his death in 1397 BC, the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep II was pilfered by grave robbers. Archaeologist Howard Carter had kept the king's sarcophagus and a display of objects behind a locked iron gate, which the burglars were able to pick. Police would track footprints from the Valley of the Kings at Biban el Moluk to the village of Goorneh (Qena) and arrest three men, albeit without recovering any stolen items.[85]
Following a two-day trial in Palatka, Florida, J. B. Brown, a black railroad employee was convicted of an October 17 murder, and a death warrant was issued the same day by the Putnam County court. On the day of the hanging, the death warrant would be read aloud as Brown stood on the gallows with the rope around his neck "but to the great astonishment of all... it ordered the execution of the foreman of the jury which had found Brown guilty," as Yale University law professor Edwin Borchard would note later, adding "It is perhaps needless to remark that no one was hanged on that warrant."[86] The state governor would commute Brown's death sentence to life imprisonment, but Brown would be freed in 1913 after the verified deathbed confession of the real killer, who exonerated Brown. After almost 12 years incarceration, GovernorPark Trammell would pardon Brown at the urging of the judge and the prosecuting attorney.
Born:P. R. Stephensen, Australian publisher and political activist who changed his orientation from the leftist Communist Party of Australia to the rightist Australia First Movement during his career; in Maryborough, Queensland; (d. 1965)
With the Ottoman Empire treasury empty, the ministerial council at Constantinople voted to borrow 40,000 pounds from the Sacred Caravan.[89]
Prokopios, the Metropolitan of Greece and spiritual leader of the Greek Orthodox Church, resigned after student protests over the translation of the New Testament from classical Greek into the modern Greek language. The Commissioner of the Greek Police and the prefect resigned as well.[82][89]
The government of Colombia informed the United States that its government could not guarantee protection from rebels for American transit across the Isthmus of Panama, at that time still a part of Colombia.[82] In response, USS Iowa landed a battalion of men on the Pacific coast as a show of force.[92]
Florida Agricultural College, which would become the University of Florida in 1903 and relocate from Lake City, Florida, to a new campus in Gainesville in 1905, played its first-ever college football game (and the first college football game in Florida), traveling to Jacksonville to play against Stetson University. Stetson took a 6–0 lead and held on to it after a tree stump in the middle of the field blocked the FAC Aggies' drive. When the teams were relocated to face the other end zone, the Florida drive lost its momentum and was halted.[93] Although FAC was the predecessor to the University of Florida, the 1901 game (FAC's only game that year) is not considered by the university to be part of its official scores, and the first Florida Gators football game is recorded as a 16–6 win over the Gainesville Athletic Club on October 13, 1906.[94]
Harvard University (11–0–0) and Yale University (11–0–1), both unbeaten, met each other for the unofficial national championship of college football on the Harvard campus at Cambridge, Massachusetts. The game was no contest (Walter Camp would write that "It was Harvard's day from start to finish" [95]) and Harvard won, 22–0, in front of a crowd of 37,000 people.[96] The University of Michigan, which would also go unbeaten, is recognized as well by the NCAA as the 1901 champion.
Troops of the British Army made the first of four raids on rebel Mahsud tribesmen in the Waziristan section of what is now Pakistan, but was part of British India at the time. The first engagement lasted about four days and successfully drove the rebels out of the Khaisara valley; the Mahsuds would finally comply with the British government on March 10, 1902.[97]
The Broadway theatre district of Manhattan acquired its nickname of "The Great White Way", conferred by New York Morning Telegram columnist Shep Friedman. "By sheer coincidence," a writer would note later, "when people woke up that morning to read the Telegram, the city had been blanketed by snow and Broadway was, indeed, a "great white way".[99]
Popular American singer and comedian Len Spencer recorded one of the first novelty songs available for a record player, preserving his comic skit set to the tune of The Arkansas Traveler, providing the voices for the two speakers, an inquisitive stranger traveling through Arkansas, and a fiddle-playing bumpkin who gives sarcastic answers.[100]
A campaign to create a national soccer football league in Paraguay was commenced with a match in Asunción, the capital of the South American nation. The impetus came from a physical education teacher from the Netherlands, Willem Paats, who would field the first major team, Club Olimpia, on July 25, 1902.[102]
The American Holland submarine Fulton set a new record by remaining undersea for 15 consecutive hours, resurfacing off of the coast of Greenport, New York, at 10:30 in the morning, after submerging at 7:30 the previous evening. The six people on board (Engineer Frank Cable, U.S. NavyLieutenantArthur MacArthur III, retired Rear Admiral John Lowe, machinist John Wilson, engineer John Saunder, and electrician Henry Morrel) "were alive and well and as fresh as if they had been sealed up in a boat only a few minutes instead of many hours."[104]
Stanley Barrent, American circus performer who was billed as "Sealo the Seal Boy" as a sideshow attraction in freak shows because of his congenital condition of phocomelia that gave him "seal-like arms"; in Pittsburgh (d. 1980)
A regiment of the U.S. Marines arrived at Colombia's Panamanian Isthmus on the battleship USS Iowa, in order to re-establish railroad transit across the isthmus.[108][109]
France's Chamber of Deputies voted 295 to 249 to compromise its indemnity from China for Boxer Rebellion reparations, settling on the amount of 265 million French francs, worth 53 million American dollars at the time.[110]
Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German psychiatrist at the Hospital for the Mentally Ill and Epileptics in Frankfurt, had his first meeting with the patient who would become the first person to be diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Auguste Deter, the 51-year-old wife of an office clerk, had been admitted to the hospital the day before, after having gradually deteriorated over eight months that had started with delusions and memory loss in March.[111] After her death on April 8, 1906, Alzheimer would examine samples of her brain taken at autopsy, and publish his findings about "Auguste D." in a paper titled On a Peculiar, Severe Disease Process of the Cerebral Cortex.[112][113][114]
Twenty-seven employees of the Penberthy Injector Company in Detroit were killed by the explosion of a boiler. The blast, which happened at the company's factory at Abbott Street and Brooklyn Avenue, happened at 9:30 in the morning and leveled the three-story-high manufacturing building.[116][117]
Former U.S. citizen Estrada
Cuban native Tomás Estrada Palma, who had been a U.S. citizen for more than 20 years and had served as a schoolmaster in New York state, renounced his American citizenship so that he could run for President of Cuba. He would win the election and take office as Cuba's first President on May 20, 1902.[118]
Born:William "Deak" Parsons, U.S. Navy officer and ordnance expert who served as the weaponeer who armed the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945; in Evanston, Illinois (d. 1953). Captain Parsons traveled with the nuclear weapon on the airplane Enola Gay and inserted the powder charge and detonator as the plane approached its target. He was promoted to rear admiral after the end of World War II.
Wednesday, November 27, 1901
Seventy-five people were killed in the collision of two express trains on the Wabash Railroad, near Seneca Township, Michigan. Wabash No. 13 from Detroit was westbound, bringing several coaches of passengers, most of them contract workers from Italy. The "Continental Limited", Wabash's No. 4 train, was eastbound on the same track, and its engineer had an order which he had misread as "Pass at Sand Creek", when it actually said "Pass at Seneca", a few miles closer, meaning that he was to pull over at Seneca to give a pass to oncoming trains. Instead, the engineer took the train past Seneca and, shortly after 7:00 in the evening, the crew of the Continental found itself on a collision course with the No. 13.[119][120]
Led by Matti Kurrika and Matti Halminen of Finland, the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company leased Malcolm Island from the provincial government of British Columbia in order to found a colony that they named Sointula, from the Finnish word for a musical chord, sointu.[122] Within less than a year, Kurrika would resign from the company and depart the island with about half of the colonists and attempt to set up a new utopian community in another part of the province.[123]
Died:Clement Studebaker, 70, American blacksmith who created the world's largest manufacturer of horse-drawn wagons and carriages (b. 1831). At the time of his death, he and his family were working upon making the transition to manufacturing motor vehicles, and the first Studebaker automobile would be produced in 1902.
Thursday, November 28, 1901
The British Army commenced an attack on the slave trading Aro tribesmen with an assault on their stronghold of Aro Chukwu in Nigeria, subduing the area by December 24.[124] Within five months, the British were able to take control of the 6,000 square mile African kingdom.[125]
The University of Michigan (9–0–0) closed out its football schedule with a 50–0 win over the University of Iowa (6–2–0), playing before 10,000 people at West Side Park in Chicago, the stadium for the Chicago Cubs baseball team.[127] On the same day in Chicago, the University of Wisconsin (8–0–0) closed out its season against the University of Chicago (8–5–2), with a 35–0 win. Michigan and Wisconsin were both members of what would become the Big Ten Conference but were not scheduled to meet; Michigan was considered the conference champion because it had played four conference games while Wisconsin had played only two. With their win, the Michigan Wolverines finished unbeaten, untied, and unscored upon (501 points against a combined zero for their opponents), and qualified to be invited to the first postseason college football game, the 1902 Rose Bowl (which they would win, 49–0).
Carl Agar, pioneering Canadian helicopter pilot who developed techniques to airlift heavy loads to high altitude locations; in Lion's Head, Ontario (d. 1968)
John Francis Queeny, a chemist in St. Louis, filed the paperwork to incorporate the Monsanto Chemical Works, Inc. as a manufacturer of food additives.[131] During the 20th century, Monsanto would become one of the world's largest chemical and biotechnology corporations.
The Colombian (now Panamanian) city of Colón was peacefully transferred to the control of Colombian Government Forces under the command of General Alban, after foreign warships arrived at the port.[132]
Russian playwright Zinaida Gippius and her husband, novelist Dmitry Merezhkovsky, held the first meeting of the "Religious-Philosophical Society" (Religiozno-Filosofskie Sobraniya) in Saint Petersburg, convening at the Ministry of Public Education building [134] after being granted permission by Russian Orthodox Church Procurator Konstantin Pobedonostsev and after the Metropolitan Bishop of Petersburg gave his assent for clerical participation.[135] The Society, "which sought to bring about a rapprochement between the intelligentsia and the church" [136] would hold 22 meetings between members of the clergy and university scholars, before Pobedonostsev ordered it closed on April 5, 1903.
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt fired Oklahoma TerritoryGovernorWilliam M. Jenkins, writing that "Governor Jenkins of Oklahoma is hereby removed because of his improper connection with a contract between the Territory and the Oklahoma Sanitarium Company," a deal which had included a reservation of $10,000 worth of company stock for Jenkins to own. Thompson B. Ferguson was appointed as the new Governor.[141]
Seminary student Angelo Roncalli, who would become Pope John XXIII more than 50 years later, was inducted into the Italian Army as a private, reporting to the Umberto Barracks in Bergamo for compulsory military service. His diocese would pay a 1,200 lire fee to have his term in the army reduced, but Private Roncalli, who would later describe 1902 as "my year of the Babylonian Captivity", still had to serve for twelve months,[142]
^Willis, Chris (2007). The Columbus Panhandles: A Complete History of Pro Football's Toughest Team. Scarecrow Press. p. 7.
^"Royal Child Born in Belgium— Princess Elisabeth Valerie, Wife of Prince Albert, Gives Birth to a Son". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 4, 1901. p. 4.
^Davis, Leonard (1989). Revolutionary Struggle In The Philippines. Springer. p. 34.
^Harris, Susan K. (2011). God's Arbiters: Americans and the Philippines, 1898 — 1902. Oxford University Press.
^Szakolczai, Arpad (2003). Reflexive Historical Sociology. Routledge. p. 9.
^Adriaansen, Robbert-Jan (2015). The Rhythm of Eternity: The German Youth Movement and the Experience of the Past, 1900–1933. Berghahn Books. p. 32.
^"Death Claims Li Hung Chang— Chinese Soldier, Statesman and Diplomat Dies at Pekin After a Brilliant Career". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 7, 1901. p. 1.
^"Death of Mrs. Bickerdyke; Famous as an Army Nurse", Chicago Daily Tribune, November 9, 1901, p. 4
^Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy (Random House, 2011) p. 320
^"Duke Is Prince of Wales— King Edward Confers New Title and Rank Upon the Heir Apparent to the Crown", Chicago Sunday Tribune, November 10, 1901, p. 2
^Jay Spaulding and Lidwien Kapteijns, An Islamic Alliance: Ali Dinar and the Sanusiyya, 1906–1916 (Northwestern University Press, 2011) p. 17
^Paul Griffiths, The Penguin Companion to Classical Music (Penguin UK, 2004)
^Michael Newton, Age of Assassins: A History of Conspiracy and Political Violence, 1865–1981 (Faber & Faber, 2012)
^Tetsuji Okazaki, Production Organizations in Japanese Economic Development (Routledge, 2007) pp. 90, 106
^Betty Dooley Awbrey and Stuart Awbrey, Why Stop?: A Guide to Texas Roadside Historical Markers (Taylor Trade Publishing, 2013) p. 374
^"Mayor Fined Quits Office", Chicago Sunday Tribune, November 17, 1901, p. 1
^"A Mayor Disqualified— Mr. Morris, of Ottawa, Bought Liquor During Prohibited Hours", Montreal Gazette, November 18, 1901, p/ 8
^"Disaster on British Warship— Big Gun on Battleship Royal Sovereign Bursts, Killing Seven Men, Injuring Fourteen", Chicago Daily Tribune, November 11, 1901, p. 2
^"Arbuthnot, Sir Robert Keith", in Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present, William Stewart, ed. (McFarland, 2009) p. 10
^"Alabama Adopts a New Charter— Revised Constitution Ratified by an Overwhelming Majority of Citizens; Cuts Down Negro Vote". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 12, 1901. p. 2.
^Thomson, Bailey (2002). A Century of Controversy: Constitutional Reform in Alabama. University of Alabama Press. p. 30.
^Aucoin, Brent J. (2016). Thomas Goode Jones: Race, Politics, and Justice in the New South. University of Alabama Press. p. 115.
^Brackman, Roman (2004). The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life. Routledge. pp. 16–17.
^Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (2012). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 53.
^"Steamer Sinks; All Hands Lost". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 18, 1901. p. 3.
^Hodge, Carl Cavanagh (2008). "Panama". Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914. Greenwood Publishing. p. 539.
^Maurer, Noel; Yu, Carlos (2010). The Big Ditch: How America Took, Built, Ran, and Ultimately Gave Away the Panama Canal. Princeton University Press. p. 74.
^"Auto Mile Under Minute— Three Machines Show Wonderful Spee in Test". Chicago Sunday Tribune. November 17, 1901. p. 1.
^"Venezuela Faces New Revolution— President Castro Discovers a Plot and Arrests His Minister of War". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 23, 1901. p. 4.
^DuVal, Miles P. (1940). Cadiz to Cathay: The Story of the Long Struggle for a Waterway Across the American Isthmus. Stanford University Press. p. 183.
^Chastian, Bill (2002). The Steve Spurrier Story: From Heisman to Head Ball Coach. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 23.
^McCarthy, Kevin M. (2000). Fightin' Gators: A History of University of Florida Football. Arcadia Publishing.
^"Camp's Story of Game", Chicago Sunday Tribune, November 24, 1901, p. 18
^"Harvard Beats Yale by 22 to 0", Chicago Sunday Tribune, November 24, 1901, p. 17
^C. Collin Davies, The Problem of the North-West Frontier, 1890–1908 (Cambridge University Press, 2013) p. 132
^Robert E. Kennedy, A Student's Guide to Einstein's Major Papers (Oxford University Press, 2012) pp19-20
^Michelle Nevius and James Nevius, Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City (Simon and Schuster, 2009)
^Tim Gracyk, with Frank Hoffmann, Popular American Recording Pioneers: 1895–1925 (Routledge, 2012) p. 316
^Lewis H. Gann, The Birth of a Plural Society: The Development of Northern Rhodesia Under the British South Africa Company, 1894–1914 (Manchester University Press, 1958) p. 118
^"Football", in Historical Dictionary of Paraguay, by R. Andrew Nickson (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) p. 237
^"Greek Cabinet Is Out — Ministry Resigns as Result of Recent Riots", Chicago Daily Tribune, November 25, 1901, p. 4
^"Sleep at Bottom of Sea — Holland Submarine Boat Test Proves Successful", Chicago Daily Tribune, November 25, 1901, p. 1
^James L. Zychowicz, Mahler's Fourth Symphony (Oxford University Press, 2005) p141
^Michael Steinberg, The Symphony: A Listener's Guide (Oxford University Press, 1995) p. 301
^John Albert White, Diplomacy of the Russo-Japanese War (Princeton University Press, 2015) p. 85
^"United States in Control of Isthmus Line — Marines from American Warships Now in Charge of the Railway from Colon to Panama", Chicago Daily Tribune, November 26, 1901, p1
^Leonardo Ferreira, Centuries of Silence: The Story of Latin American Journalism (Greenwood, 2006) p. 151
^"French Indemnities Voted", New York Tribune, November 26, 1901, p. 3
^Maurer, Konrad (2006). "The history of Alois Alzheimer's first case Auguste D.". Alzheimer: 100 Years and Beyond. Springer. pp. 20–21.
^Martinez Lage, Jose Manuel (2006). "100 Years of Alzheimer's Disease (1906–2006)". Alzheimer's Disease: A Century of Scientific and Clinical Research. IOS Press. pp. 17–18.
^Weiner, Myron F.; Lipton, Anne M. (2009). Textbook of Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias. American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 6.
^"Twenty-Seven Die in Explosion — Boiler Lets go at Detroit, Slaying Many, Injuring 24, and 16 Are Missing". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 27, 1901. p. 2.
^Finnie, David H. (1992). Shifting Lines in the Sand: Kuwait's Elusive Frontier with Iraq. I.B.Tauris. pp. 20–21.
^"Michigan's Flag Leads Them All— Defeat of Iowa Makes Its Season's Total Score 501 to Adversaries' 0". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 29, 1901. p. 5.
^Maddex, Robert (2005). "Alabama". State Constitutions of the United States. CQ Press. p. 2.
^"Terrible Terry Is Knocked Out". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 29, 1901. p. 1.
^Grasso, John (2013). "McGovern, Joseph Terrence". Historical Dictionary of Boxing. Scarecrow Press. p. 276.
^Dan J. Forrestal, Faith, Hope, and $5,000: The Story of Monsanto (Simon and Schuster, 1977) p. 5
^"Peace Restored on the Isthmus", Chicago Daily Tribune, November 30, 1901, p. 4
^"Form New Ball League — Hickey Will Make Chicago His Headquarters", Chicago Daily Tribune, November 30, 1901, p. 6
^Olga Matich, Erotic Utopia: The Decadent Imagination in Russia's Fin de Siecle (University of Wisconsin Press, 2005) p. 213
^B. G. Rosenthal, Dmitri Sergeevich Merezhkovsky and the Silver Age: The Development of a Revolutionary Mentality (Springer, 2012) p. 134
^Catherine Evtuhov, The Cross & the Sickle: Sergei Bulgakov and the Fate of Russian Religious Philosophy (Cornell University Press, 1997) p. 54
^Quentin R. Skrabec, Jr., The Green Vision of Henry Ford and George Washington Carver: Two Collaborators in the Cause of Clean Industry (McFarland, 2013) p. 84
^"Ford, Henry", in Work in America: An Encyclopedia of History, Policy and Society, Carl E. Van Horn and Herbert A. Schaffner, editors (ABC-CLIO, 2003) p213
^Ford R. Bryan, Clara: Mrs. Henry Ford (Wayne State University Press, 2015) pp. 71-72
^Kirsty Douglas, Pictures of Time Beneath: Science, Heritage and the Uses of the Deep Past (Csiro Publishing, 2010) pp. 75-76
^"Oklahoma Given a New Governor", Chicago Sunday Tribune, December 1, 1901, p. 5
^Peter Hebblethwaite, John XXIII: Pope of the Century (Bloomsbury, 2010) p. 18
