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March 1905
Month of 1905
1905
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March 20, 1905: Explosion in U.S. shoe factory kills 58 employees
March 5, 1905: General Kuropatkin orders Russian Imperial Army to retreat from the Japanese after disastrous battle in Mukden
March 23, 1905: General Venizelos attempts a revolution on the island of Crete
March 3, 1905: Tsar Nicholas II creates the Duma, Russia's first representative assembly
The following events occurred in
March 1905
:
March 1, 1905 (Wednesday)
U. S. Secretary of State
John Hay
gave assurances to the Ambassador from Haiti that the U.S. had no intention of annexing the Dominican Republic.
[1]
Lord Selborne
(William Palmer), the British
First Lord of the Admiralty
, resigned to accept the position of
High Commissioner for Southern Africa
, to succeed
Lord Milner
.
[1]
Died:
Jean-Baptiste Claude Eugène Guillaume
, 83, French sculptor
March 2, 1905 (Thursday)
Russia's Committee of Ministers voted to grant religious freedom to the residents of the Russian Empire.
[1]
March 3, 1905 (Friday)
Nicholas II
Tsar
Nicholas II of Russia
announced his decision to create an elected assembly, the
Imperial State Duma
, to represent the people of the Russian Empire in an advisory capacity, although the real power to make laws remained with the Tsar and the cabinet of ministers.
Born:
Marie Glory
(stage name for Raymonde Toully), French film actress; in
Mortagne-au-Perche
,
Orne
département (d. 2009)
Died:
A. A. Cruana
, 74, Maltese archaeologist
March 4, 1905 (Saturday)
Inauguration day in the U.S.
The
second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
took place as the incumbent U.S. president, who had taken office in 1901 to fill the remainder of the term of President William McKinley, was sworn in for a full term as 26th President of the United States.
[1]
Newly inaugurated vice president
Charles W. Fairbanks
called the Fifty-ninth Congress of the United States of America into session.
[1]
March 5, 1905 (Sunday)
In the
Russo-Japanese War
, the Russian Imperial Army began its retreat from
Mukden
, after losing 100,000 troops in three days.
March 6, 1905 (Monday)
Diaghilev
Russia's
Sergei Diaghilev
achieved national fame with the display of over 4,000 paintings at the
Tauride Palace
in
Saint Petersburg
.
[2]
He would go on to worldwide prominence a year later with his touring exhibition in Europe.
An annular solar eclipse
was visible over
Australia
, with residents of
Perth
in
Western Australia
seeing the maximum totality.
Died:
Pierre Boisrond-Canal
, 72,
President of Haiti
1876-1879, 1888 and 1902
John Henninger Reagan
, 86, U.S. Representative for Texas who resigned from Congress in 1861 to serve in the government of the Confederate States of America as its Postmaster General during the American Civil War. After the end of the war and the readmission of Texas to the Union, Reagan was re-elected to the U.S. Congress in 1875 and then as a U.S. Senator from 1887 to 1891
March 7, 1905 (Tuesday)
The UK House of Commons declined to approve remedial measures for evicted Irish tenants in Britain, the legislation receiving 182 votes in favor and 220 against.
[1]
Tsar Nicholas II dissolved a proposed commission to investigate labor disputes in the Russian Empire, after workers organizations refused to send delegates.
[1]
March 8, 1905 (Wednesday)
The U.S. Senate voted to confirm all of the diplomatic and consular appointments made by President Roosevelt.
[1]
March 9, 1905 (Thursday)
Senator Bate
U.S. Senator
William B. Bate
of Tennessee died suddenly from pneumonia, five days after attending the inauguration of the president and the beginning of his fourth term at the opening of the 59th Congress. Bate, who served had three full terms as Senator, had first taken office 18 years and five days earlier, on March 4, 1887. A funeral was held for him the next day in the Senate Chamber of the U.S. Capitol, after which his body was sent back to
Nashville
.
[1]
March 10, 1905 (Friday)
The Japanese capture of Mukden (modern-day
Shenyang
) completed the rout of the Russian Imperial Army in
Manchuria
as the
Russo-Japanese War
continued. The Russian commander, General
Aleksey Kuropatkin
, telegraphed the Tsar that his armies would be retreating to avoid further danger.
Cassie Chadwick
Canadian-born swindler
Cassie Chadwick
, who had claimed to be the daughter and an heiress of multi-millionaire Andrew Carnegie to defraud banks of millions of dollars, was sentenced for 14 years imprisonment after being convicted for fraud against the Citizen's National Bank in
Cleveland
. She would die in the Ohio State Penitentiary less than three years later, passing away on October 10, 1907.
Born:
Richard Haydn
(stage name for George Richard Hayden), English-born U.S. actor on stage, film and television; in
Camberwell
,
London
(d. 1985)
March 11, 1905 (Saturday)
Christian Michelsen
became the new
Prime Minister of Norway
, at the time that
Norway
was part of the
United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
(
Förenade Konungarikena Sverige och Norge
), with the title of Prime Minister in Christiania. Appointed by
King Oscar II
of Sweden to succeed
Francis Hagerup
, Michelsen would become the first Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Norway after the dissolution of the United Kingdoms on October 26.
March 12, 1905 (Sunday)
Italy's Prime Minister
Giovanni Giolitti
and his cabinet stepped down, after their resignations and had been announced on March 4 because of Giolitti's illness.
[1]
Born:
Takashi Shimura
, 76, Japanese film actor who starred in
Rashomon
,
Seven Samurai
, and the original
Godzilla
; in
Ikuno
,
Hyōgo Prefecture
(d. 1982)
March 13, 1905 (Monday)
Entertainer and spy
Mata Hari
introduced her exotic dance act in the
Musée Guimet
, Paris.
[3]
March 14, 1905 (Tuesday)
Karstadt Warenhaus
The massive
Karstadt department store
, at the time the largest in
Germany
, opened in the
Maxvorstadt
borough of
Munich
, and would remain in operation more than a century later.
Twenty-three of the 26 crew of the British
windjammer
ship
Kyber
died
[4]
when the ship was wrecked off of the coast of
Cornwall
and
Land's End
. Local first responders saved three of the men, and the rest were buried in a mass grave.
March 15, 1905 (Wednesday)
Oil magnate
Zeynalabdin Taghiyev
and journalist
Alimardan bey Topchubashov
held a meeting of
Azerbaijani
Muslim nationalists who wrote a petition to seek an end to discrimination within the
Russian Empire
.
[5]
The city of
Sparks, Nevada
, was incorporated.
Born:
Berthold von Stauffenberg
, German aristocrat and lawyer implicated as a conspirator in the 1944 attempt by his brother, Claus von Stauffenberg, to assassinate Adolf Hitler; in
Stuttgart
(hanged 1944)
Died:
Meyer Guggenheim
, 77, Swiss-born American silver mining entrepreneur and patriarch of the Guggenheim family
Amalie Skram
, 58, Norwegian author and feminist
March 16, 1905 (Thursday)
James Hamilton Peabody
was installed as the Governor of the U.S. state Colorado by the Colorado Legislature while the election dispute between himself and
Alva Adams
was being investigated, on the condition that Peabody resign in favor of Lieutenant Governor
J. F. McDonald
.
[1]
Peabody resigned the next day and McDonald became acting governor of Colorado.
Born:
Elisabeth Flickenschildt
. German film and television actress; in
Hamburg
(d. 1977)
March 17, 1905 (Friday)
Russia's General
Aleksey Kuropatkin
was relieved of duty from his command of the
1st Manchurian Army
, and replaced by General
Nikolai Linevich
.
[1]
France's Chamber of Deputies voted to reduce the military service requirement for young men to two years.
[1]
U.S. President
Theodore Roosevelt
, in New York City for the annual
St. Patrick's Day
celebration, came to the wedding of his 20-year-old niece,
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt
, to her distant cousin, 23-year old law student
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
.
[6]
Theodore, the 26th U.S. President, served the role of "giving the bride away" to Franklin, who would become the 32nd President of the United States in 1933 with Eleanor Roosevelt Roosevelt as his First Lady.
March 18, 1905 (Saturday)
Einstein
Albert Einstein
submitted for publication his paper "On a heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light", in which he explained the
photoelectric effect
using the notion of
light quanta
. The paper would be published on June 9.
Born:
Robert Donat
, English film actor and Academy Award Winner known for
Goodbye, Mr. Chips
and
The 39 Steps
; in
Withington
,
Lancashire
(d. 1958 from a cerebral thrombosis)
Thomas Townsend Brown
, American inventor known for his observation of what he called the
Biefeld–Brown effect
, and for his attempt to build an anti-gravity device; in
Zanesville, Ohio
(d. 1985)
March 19, 1905 (Sunday)
Twin explosions killed 24 miners at the Rush Run and Red Ash coal mines near
Thurmond, West Virginia
.
[1]
Born:
Albert Speer
, German architect and convicted war criminal who became the Nazi German Minister of Armaments and War Production as a close associate of Adolf Hitler; in
Mannheim
,
Grand Duchy of Baden
. Speer served a 20-year prison sentence at
Spandau Prison
for his use of concentration camp inmates as slave labor in armaments factories, and wrote a best-selling account of the experience after his release. (d. 1981)
March 20, 1905 (Monday)
The
Grover Shoe Factory disaster
killed 58 employees in
Brockton, Massachusetts
, when a boiler exploded and the factory building collapsed.
Born:
Vera Panova
, Soviet Russian novelist and playwright; in
Rostov-on-Don
(d. 1973)
March 21, 1905 (Tuesday)
"The Treaty of Peace and Friendship" (
El tratado de Paz y Amistad
) between
Chile
and
Bolivia
, signed on October 20, 1904, went into effect, settling the question of the border between the two South American nations. Bolivia ceded the territory of
Antofagasta
to Chile in return for Chile extending a railroad from the Pacific port of
Arica
to the Bolivian capital at
La Paz
.
March 22, 1905 (Wednesday)
Russia's Committee of Ministers voted to abolish the compulsory use of the
Russian language
in schools in "
Congress Poland
" (Tsarstvo Polskoye).
[7]
March 23, 1905 (Thursday)
The
Theriso revolt
began in Crete as about 1,500 men, led by
Eleftherios Venizelos
, met at the village of
Theriso
to challenge the island's authoritarian government and press for its unification with
Greece
.
In the U.S. state of Maryland, the state Supreme Court ordered Governor
Edwin Warfield
to submit a proposed constitutional amendment for disenfranchisement of non-whites to a referendum vote.
[7]
Lord Midleton
, Britain's
Secretary of State for India
, presented a report to the House of Commons that over 346,000 people had died of bubonic plague in India in a single year.
[7]
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany signed legislation authorizing the construction of a railway across its colony of
Kamerun
(now Cameroon) from
Jaunde
(now
Yaounde
) to
Lake Chad
.
[7]
Born:
Sir John Randall
, British physicist whose improved version of the
cavity magnetron
made centimetric wavelength radar possible during World War II and was later a key component to the microwave oven; in
Newton-le-Willows
,
Lancashire
(d. 1984)
Lale Andersen
, German singer known for her recording of
Lili Marleen
, one of the most popular songs in Europe during World War II in the Axis and Allied nations; in
Bremerhaven
(d. 1972)
March 24, 1905 (Friday)
"The Toastmasters Club", whose concept would later be used for the 1924 founding of the more successful
Toastmasters International
, was founded by
Ralph C. Smedley
in
Bloomington, Illinois
, an employee of the city's
YMCA
chapter. With a stated of goal of aiding people in learning how to give public speeches, conduct meetings, plan programs and work on committees, Smedley's first effort failed twice, but he would relaunch the organization on October 22, 1924, in
Santa Ana, California
.
[8]
The
Dow Jones Industrial Average
, the measure of average prices on stocks of major industries, reached its highest level since 1890, closing at 79.27 points. The high would be broken 31 times as during a
bull market
, peaking at 103 points on January 19 before making a steady downward drop.
The last photo of Jules Verne
French science fiction writer
Jules Verne
, author of
Around the World in Eighty Days
,
Journey to the Center of the Earth
and
From the Earth to the Moon
, died at the age of 77.
March 25, 1905 (Saturday)
Harvard University
and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
both announced a proposal for unification of the two universities.
[7]
The Harvard-MIT merger would never take place.
Born:
Pote Sarasin
,
Prime Minister of Thailand
1958 to 1959; in
Bangkok
,
Kingdom of Siam
(d. 2000)
Died:
Maurice Barrymore
(stage name for Herbert Blythe), 55, Indian-born British stage actor and patriarch of the
Barrymore acting family
; from complications of
syphilis
March 26, 1905 (Sunday)
Premier Min
General
Min Young-hwan
was appointed as the Prime Minister of the
Korean Empire
by
Emperor Gojong
, but was removed 12 days later on April 4. General Min was one of the last premiers of an independent Korea before the
Eulsa Treaty
of November 17, 1905, made Korea a
protectorate
of the Japanese Empire, and would commit suicide after the treaty was signed by his successor.
March 27, 1905 (Monday)
The
Battle of Tabanovce
was fought between the 27 guerrillas of the
Serbian Chetnik Organization
and much larger battalion of 112 members of the Ottoman Army at the village of
Tabanovce
, now part of the Republic of North Macedonia. The Chetniks, led by
Vladimir Kovačević
. The Ottomans and their Albanian allies lost more than half of their men, but Kovačević was killed in battle.
March 28, 1905 (Tuesday)
A federal grand jury returned a criminal indictment against the government of the U.S. city of
Louisville, Kentucky
for alleged violations of federal laws against forced labor.
Died:
Huang Zunxian
, 57, Chinese poet and diplomat
March 29, 1905 (Wednesday)
U.S. President Roosevelt fired all seven members of the
Isthmian Canal Commission
, including the U.S.
Governor of the Panama Canal Zone
, Major General
George W. Davis
.
Boxer
Jimmy Walsh
knocked out Monte Attell, in a controversial six-round bout at the National Athletic Club in Philadelphia to win recognition of the World Bantamweight Championship by the National Boxing Association, despite being disqualified by the referee.
March 30, 1905 (Thursday)
U.S. Navy Rear Admiral
Charles J. Train
was appointed as the new commander-in-chief of the
United States Asiatic Fleet
, but his career would be marred in November when he accidentally shot and injured a Chinese woman while hunting pheasants near Nanjing. Admiral Train would die of uremia 16 months later while in China.
[9]
Born:
Mikio Oda
, Japanese athlete and the first Asian Olympic gold medalist, for the men's triple jump in 1928; in
Kaita
,
Hiroshima Prefecture
(d. 1998)
Albert Pierrepoint
, English
hangman
who carried out the executions of at least 435 convicted prisoners between 1941 and 1956; in
Clayton, West Yorkshire
(d. 1992)
March 31, 1905 (Friday)
Wilhelm II, German Emperor
asserted German equality with France in
Morocco
, triggering the
First Moroccan Crisis
, also known as the Tangier Crisis.
Governor Pennypacker
Pennsylvania
Governor
Samuel W. Pennypacker
vetoed the first attempt to pass a
compulsory sterilization
law in the United States as part of a program of
eugenics
, "An act for the prevention of idiocy", authorizing mental institutions the perform surgery "for the prevention of procreation.".
[10]
Pennypacker was severe in his criticism of the bill, stating in his veto message, "It is plain that the safest and most effective method of preventing procreation would be to cut the heads off the inmates, and such authority is given by the bill to this staff of scientific experts. It is not probable that they would resort to this means for the prevention of procreation, but it is probable that they would endeavor to destroy some part of the human organism. He added that "Men of high scientific attainments are prone in their love for technique to lose sight of broad principles outside of their domain of thought," and that the bill bill "violates the principles of ethics."
[11]
The veto was not overridden. The U.S. state of Indiana would pass the first sterilization bill in 1907.
[10]
References
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
The American Monthly Review of Reviews
(April 1905) pp. 413-416
^
Sjeng Scheijen,
Diaghilev: A Life
(Profile Books, 2009) pp. 132–134
^
Denise Noe
Mata Hari is Born
Archived
10 February 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
. Crimelibrary.com
^
"The Wreck of the Kyber"
, Submerged.co.uk
^
Hakan Kirimli,
National Movements and National Identity among the Crimean Tatars: 1905–1916
(E.J.Brill, 1996)
^
"President Roosevelt Gives the Bride Away; His Niece Weds His Cousin, Franklin Delano Roosevelt",
The New York Times
, March 18, 1905, p. 2
^
a
b
c
d
e
The American Monthly Review of Reviews
(May 1905) pp. 537-539
^
"History"
, Toastmasters International website
^
Kemp Tolley,
Yangtze Patrol: The U.S. Navy in China
(Naval Institute Press, 1971) p. 318
^
a
b
Edwin Black,
War against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race
(Thunder's Mouth Press, 2004)
^
"Veto for Idiocy Bill; Better Behead Helpless Imbeciles Says Pennypacker,"
Lancaster (PA) Daily Intelligencer
, April 1, 1905, p. 2
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