Mapam[a] was a left-wing political party in Israel. It is one of the antecedents of the Meretz party and its successor, The Democrats.
Mapam was formed by a January 1948 merger of the kibbutz-based Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party and the left-Labor Zionist Ahdut HaAvoda Poale Zion Movement. The party was originally Marxist-Zionist in its outlook, and represented the left-wing Kibbutz Artzi movement. It also took over the Hashomer Hatzair-affiliated newspaper Al HaMishmar (On the Lookout).
In the elections for the first Knesset, Mapam received 19 seats, making it the second-largest party after the mainstream Labor Zionist Mapai. The party did not allow non-Jews to be members at the time, but it also set up an Arab list, the Popular Arab Bloc, to contest the elections (a tactic also used by Mapai, with whom the Democratic List of Nazareth was affiliated). However, the Arab list failed to cross the 1% electoral threshold. After the elections, the party conducted extensive negotiations with Ben-Gurion for inclusion in the coalition government, but was eventually excluded.[3] During the session it gained one seat when Eliezer Preminger joined after leaving Maki and then setting up his own party, the Hebrew Communists.
In the 1951 elections the party dropped to 15 seats and again was not included in the coalition. But it did become the first Zionist party to have an Israeli Arab, Rostam Bastuni, representing it in the Knesset.
From Mapam's point of view, the most important event of the second Knesset was the 1953 Prague Trials, which severely shook the party's faith in the Soviet Union. The show trials, in which mostly Jewish leaders of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia were purged, falsely implicated Mapam's envoy in Prague, Mordechai Oren, as part of a Zionist conspiracy. After the Prague Trials and later, Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech at the 20th Party Congress in the Soviet Union, Mapam moved away from some of its more radical left-wing positions and toward social democracy.
This created a split in the party. Avraham Berman, Rostam Bastuni and Moshe Sneh left the party and set up the Left Faction, while Hannah Lamdan and David Livschitz created their own party, the Faction independent of Ahdut HaAvoda. Bastuni later returned to Mapam, but Berman and Sneh eventually joined Maki and Lamdan and Livschitz joined Mapai. Four other party members left to recreate Ahdut HaAvoda, though the Knesset speaker did not recognize the group as an independent party during the Knesset session. It also displeased the USSR.
Although it had been reduced to seven seats by the end of the second Knesset, the party picked up nine seats in the 1955 elections. Having effectively renounced the Soviet Union, Mapam was now included in Ben-Gurion's coalitions for both the seventh and eighth governments. But it was to blame for Ben-Gurion's resignation and the collapse of the government on 5 July 1959 when it and Ahdut HaAvoda voted against the government on the issue of selling arms to West Germany but refused to leave the coalition.
In the 1959 elections the party retained its nine seats, and despite their previous differences, were included in Ben-Gurion's coalition.
In the 1961 elections it again won nine seats, but this time was not part of the governing coalition.
The 1965 elections saw Mapam lose a seat, dropping to eight mandates, but enter the coalition government. In January 1969 the party formed an alliance with the Israeli Labor Party, which was named the Alignment. The Alignment went on to win the highest-ever number of seats in the 1969 elections (56 out of 120). At the time, Soviet commentators called Mapam "one of the most reactionary ones among the left-socialist parties".[4]
Mapam briefly broke away from the Alignment during the eighth Knesset (following the 1973 Israeli legislative election, but returned shortly afterward. The party then remained part of the Alignment until after the 1984 elections, when it broke away due to anger over Shimon Peres's decision to form a national unity government with Likud, taking six seats with it (later reduced to five when Muhammed Wattad defected to Hadash). But in the 1988 elections the party won only three seats.
As a result of its declining support, Mapam joined with Ratz and Shinui to form Meretz, a new left-wing, social-democratic and pro-peace alliance, which became the third-largest party in the Knesset in the 1992 elections.
In 1995 the party's newspaper, Al HaMishmar, ceased publication.
In 1997 the merger into Meretz with Ratz and part of Shinui (much if not most of Shinui's membership did not agree with the merger, and reformed as an independent party headed by Avraham Poraz) was formalized, and Mapam (and Ratz) ceased to exist.
From 1951 to 1979, Mapam also published an Arabic newspaper, Al-Mirsad (Observation Post, a similar name to the Hebrew newspaper Al HaMishmar, which means "on the lookout"). It appeared weekly, except for a short period as a daily.[5]
Mapam entered the 1948 coalition government with a radically different policy towards Arab civilians from that pursued by David Ben-Gurion. Mapam's executive committee advocated Jewish–Arab coexistence, opposed the expulsion of civilians and was in favor of the right of refugees to return to their homes after the war.[6] In June 1948 all cadres were issued with a policy statement, "Our policy towards Arabs during the war", written by Aharon Cohen, the Head of Mapam's Arab Affairs Department.[7] Mapam particularly opposed the destruction of Arab houses. Aharon Zisling, one of two Mapam members of the cabinet, raised the issue repeatedly toward the end of June.[8] At a Mapai Centre meeting, 24 July 1948, Ben-Gurion accused Mapam of hypocrisy; citing events at Mishmar HaEmek, he said: "They faced a cruel reality ... [and] saw that there was [only] one way and that was to expel the Arab villagers and burn the villages. And they did this, and they were the first to do this."[9]
Mapam also opposed the establishment of settlements on Arab land. But this created a dilemma as the kibbutz movement ideologically closest to Mapam, Kibbutz Artzi, was in the vanguard of the settlement movement. Of 12 new settlements created during May and June 1948, six were Mapam-related groups.[10] In August 1948, proposals were put forward for the creation of 32 new settlements, all but five of which were beyond the proposed UN partition frontier. As a compromise Mapam agreed on condition that there was sufficient "surplus land" at each location to allow for the original inhabitants' return.[11] In the following months Mapam further diluted its position on the right of refugees to return by adding that there should be no return while a state of war existed and then it should only apply to the "peace-minded".[12] With the explosion of opposition to the Government's proposal to the UN, 28 July 1949, that 100,000 might be allowed to return, the issue of return quietly dropped off the agenda.[13]
The gulf between policy makers in the executive and Mapam members who dominated the leadership of the armed forces was again revealed following the military operations in the autumn of 1948. In early November the editor of the Mapam newspaper, Eliezer Pra'i, received a letter describing events at al-Dawayima. There followed a meeting of the Political Committee, 11 November 1948, which was briefed by recently ousted Chief of Staff of the Haganah, Yisrael Galili, about the killing of civilians during Operations Yoav and Hiram. Cohen led a call for an independent inquiry.[14] The problem for Mapam was that the commanders of these operations were senior Mapam members Yitzhak Sadeh and Moshe Carmel. It was agreed to accept Ben-Gurion's internal inquiry.
In December, party co-leader Meir Ya'ari publicly criticised the IDF for using the expulsion of civilians as an "imperative of strategy". This was probably directed at Mapam member Yigal Allon, who had been chief of operations during Operation Danny.[15]
Railway station in Dorset, England This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Poole railway station – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) PooleGeneral informationLocationPoole, Bournemouth, Christchurch and PooleEnglandGrid referen…
Anglo-Irish writer and politician (1671–1729) This article is about the 18th-century author. For others, see Richard Steele (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Richard Steele – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template…
Опис фото солістів Буковинського ансамблю Юрія Січковського і Мирослави Ребойчук Джерело власний архів Час створення 1983 Автор зображення Кушніренко А.М. Ліцензія Це зображення було добровільно передане в суспільне надбання його автором — Кушніренко А.М. . Кушніренко
2019–22 concert tour by the Eagles Hotel California 2020 TourNorth American tour by EaglesPromotional poster for the tourAssociated albumHotel CaliforniaStart dateSeptember 27, 2019 (2019-09-27)End dateApril 8, 2023 (2023-04-08)Legs5No. of shows76 in United States7 in Canada83 totalEagles concert chronology An Evening with the Eagles(2017–2019) Hotel California 2020 Tour (2019–2023) Eagles 50 Years (2022) The Hotel California 2020 Tour (also known as the Hotel…
Відріг Татр У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Відріг (значення). Відріг — відносно короткий і вузький гірський хребет, який відходить від великого гірського ланцюга та знижується до його периферії. Відроги виникають внаслідок ерозійного розчленуван…
Max Seckler Max Seckler (* 23. September 1927 in Westerhofen, damals Oberamt Ellwangen an der Jagst, heute Ostalbkreis, Baden-Württemberg) ist deutscher Theologe und emeritierter ordentlicher öffentlicher Professor für Fundamentaltheologie an der Universität Tübingen. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Werk 3 Schriften (Auswahl) 4 Literatur 5 Weblinks 6 Einzelnachweise Leben Nach Abschluss der durch Militärdienst und Kriegsgefangenschaft unterbrochenen Schulzeit in Stuttgart, Ellwangen, Aalen, F…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Like A MovieAsalSeoul, Korea SelatanLabelTop Cloud EntertainmentLike A Movie (영화처럼) adalah sebuah grup vokal laki-laki Korea Selatan yang berada di bawah naungan Top Cloud Entertainment. Mereka debut pada 17 Juni 2018 dengan singel Twilight.[1…
Immanuel Kant berpendapat juga tentang imperatif Imperatif berasal dari kata bahasa Latin imperare yang artinya adalah memerintah.[1][2] Bahasa etika tingkat praktis sering kali menggunakan pola-pola imperatif, yang dinyatakan dengan tujuan positif atau tujuan negatif dan diungkapkan secara singular atau universal.[1] Banyak imperatif yang memiliki sifat hipotetis. Immanuel Kant berpendapat bahwa di samping imperatif hipotesis, etika memerlukan dan memperlihatkan juga sua…
Canadian specialty TV channel for adults Television channel Penthouse TVPenthouse TV logoCountryCanadaBroadcast areaNationalHeadquartersOttawa, OntarioProgrammingPicture format480i (SDTV)OwnershipOwnerFifth Dimension PropertiesSister channelsPenthouse TV USPenthouse HDTVExxxtasy TVRed Hot TVSkinemax HDHistoryLaunchedJuly 2008LinksWebsitePenthouse TV Canada Penthouse TV is a Canadian English language specialty channel that broadcasts adult entertainment material, primarily in the form of pornogra…
American TV series or program DoubtGenreLegal dramaCreated by Tony Phelan Joan Rater Starring Katherine Heigl Dulé Hill Laverne Cox Dreama Walker Kobi Libii Steven Pasquale Elliott Gould ComposerSean CalleryCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes13ProductionExecutive producers Tony Phelan Joan Rater Carl Beverly Sarah Timberman Adam Bernstein ProducerJohn CockrellProduction locationNew York City, New YorkRunning time43 minutesProduction companie…
Мойсей зі Скрижалями. Густав Доре Біблійні заповіді ( завіт, договір ) - заповіді Бога з людьми які виникали з договору між ними і записані в Святому Письмі. Порушення людьми заповідей визначається як гріх і означає розірвання домовленості і відпадіння від Бога. За біблійни…
English model and actress Elizabeth JaggerJagger in 2007BornElizabeth Scarlett Jagger (1984-03-02) 2 March 1984 (age 39)New York City, U.S.NationalityBritishAmericanOccupation(s)Activist, model, actressYears active1997–presentChildren1Parent(s)Mick JaggerJerry HallRelativesChris Jagger (uncle)Georgia May Jagger (sister)Jade Jagger (half-sister)Modeling informationHeight5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)Hair colorBrownEye colorBlueAgency TESS Management (London) [1] [2]…
1976 American filmIn Search of Noah's ArkTheatrical release posterDirected byJames L. ConwayScreenplay byJames L. ConwayCharles E. Sellier Jr.Based onIn Search of Noah's Arkby David W. BalsigerCharles E. Sellier Jr.Produced byCharles E. Sellier Jr.StarringBrad CrandallVern AdixCinematographyStephen W. GrayGeorge StaplefordEdited bySharron MillerMusic byBob SummersDistributed bySunn Classic PicturesRelease date December 24, 1976 (1976-12-24) Running time94 minutesCountryUnited Stat…
AstroballeNama lengkapL'AstroballeLokasiVilleurbanne, PrancisKoordinat45°45′59″N 4°54′26″E / 45.76639°N 4.90722°E / 45.76639; 4.90722Koordinat: 45°45′59″N 4°54′26″E / 45.76639°N 4.90722°E / 45.76639; 4.90722Transportasi umum Laurent Bonnevay–AstroballeKapasitas5,556[1]PermukaanParketDibuka1995PemakaiASVEL Basket Astroballe adalah sebuah arena di Villeurbanne, Prancis. Referensi ^ 0 ME,Astroballe (5556 places) (dala…
Zoo in Whangārei, New Zealand. Kamo Wildlife Sanctuary35°41′37″S 174°12′44″E / 35.6936°S 174.2122°E / -35.6936; 174.2122Location124 Gray Road, Kamo, Whangārei, New Zealand.Land area80 acres (32 ha)No. of animals14No. of species2Major exhibitsBig catsResident African lion Zion Kamo Wildlife Sanctuary is a privately owned zoo located near Kamo, Whangarei, New Zealand. The facility houses a collection of two species of large cats and was formerly used as a…
Sebuah kemasan mentega sekali penyajian Kemasan makanan sekali pakai terdiri dari bahan-bahan sekali pakai yang sering ditemukan di restoran makanan cepat saji, restoran makanan beli bawa pulang atau kios dan jasa boga. Bahan penyajian makanan tersebut juga ditujukan untuk piknik dan pesta. Produk penyajian makanan sekali pakai yang umum adalah tempat makan styrofoam, piring, mangkuk, cangkir, alat makan, dan tempat tatakan. Produk tersebut dapat terbuat dari sejumlah bahan yang meliputi plastik…
Founder of the Carthusian Order Not to be confused with Bruno the Great. SaintBruno of CologneOCartSaint Bruno of Cologne, by Nicolas MignardMonk, hermitBornc. 1030Cologne, Archdiocese of CologneDied6 October 1101Serra San BrunoVenerated inRoman Catholic ChurchBeatified1514 by Pope Leo X[1]Canonized17 February 1623 by Pope Gregory XV[2]Feast6 OctoberAttributesCarthusian habit, holding a skull, rule of the Carthusian order, crucifix Bruno of Cologne (German: Bruno von K…
New York City Council Member Oswald FelizMember of the New York City Councilfrom the 15th districtIncumbentAssumed office April 15, 2021Preceded byRitchie Torres Personal detailsBorn (1990-10-29) October 29, 1990 (age 33)Political partyDemocraticEducationLehman College (BA)City University of New York (JD) Oswald Feliz (born October 29, 1990) is an American politician and attorney serving as a member of the New York City Council from the 15th district. He assumed office on April 15, 2021…
Bangladeshi cricketer Khadija Tul KubraKhadija Tul Kubra in 2018Personal informationFull nameKhadija Tul KubraBorn (1995-01-30) 30 January 1995 (age 28)Bogra, BangladeshBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm off breakRoleBowlerInternational information National sideBangladesh (2011–present)ODI debut (cap 3)26 November 2011 v IrelandLast ODI15 November 2021 v ZimbabweT20I debut (cap 3)28 August 2012 v IrelandLast T20I27 February 2020 v…
American politician Sonny GanadenGanaden in 2023Member of the Hawaii House of Representatives from the 30th DistrictIncumbentAssumed office November 3, 2020Preceded byRomeo Munoz Cachola Personal detailsBornErnesto Montemayor GanadenPolitical partyDemocraticResidenceKalihi, Hawaii[1]Alma materUniversity of California, Los Angeles (B.A.) University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (J.D.) Ernesto Montemayor Sonny Ganaden is an American attorney and politician who has served as a member of the Haw…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 13.58.40.171