Ma is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ma is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .
Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of म are:[1]
There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ma as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Ma had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, . The third form of ma, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.
Brahmi Ma
The Brahmi letter , Ma, is probably derived from the Aramaic Mem, and is thus related to the modern Latin M and Greek Mu.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ma can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
Ma (म) is a consonant of the Devanagariabugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter મ, and the Modi letter 𑘦.
Devanagari-using Languages
In all languages, म is pronounced as [mə] or [m] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
Devanagari म with vowel marks
Ma
Mā
Mi
Mī
Mu
Mū
Mr
Mr̄
Ml
Ml̄
Me
Mai
Mo
Mau
M
म
मा
मि
मी
मु
मू
मृ
मॄ
मॢ
मॣ
मे
मै
मो
मौ
म्
Conjuncts with म
Half form of Ma.
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]
Ligature conjuncts of म
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.
Repha र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma: note
Eyelash र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma:
म্ (m) + न (na) gives the ligature mna:
म্ (m) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature mra:
Stacked conjuncts of म
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature. As a trailing letter in conjuncts, Ma stretches its shape to a much greater extent than other Devanagari letters.
छ্ (ch) + म (ma) gives the ligature chma:
ढ্ (ḍʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ḍʱma:
द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ddʱma:
ड্ (ḍ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ḍma:
द্ (d) + म (ma) gives the ligature dma:
ह্ (h) + म (ma) gives the ligature hma:
म্ (m) + च (ca) gives the ligature mca:
म্ (m) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature mḍa:
म্ (m) + ज (ja) gives the ligature mja:
म্ (m) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature mjña:
म্ (m) + ल (la) gives the ligature mla:
म্ (m) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature mŋa:
म্ (m) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature mña:
ङ্ (ŋ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ŋma:
ठ্ (ṭh) + म (ma) gives the ligature ṭhma:
ट্ (ṭ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ṭma:
Bengali Ma
The Bengali script ম is derived from the Siddhaṃ, and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, म. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ম will sometimes be transliterated as "mo" instead of "ma". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /mo/.
Like all Indic consonants, ম can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
Bengali ম with vowel marks
ma
mā
mi
mī
mu
mū
mr
mr̄
me
mai
mo
mau
m
ম
মা
মি
মী
মু
মূ
মৃ
মৄ
মে
মৈ
মো
মৌ
ম্
ম in Bengali-using languages
ম is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.
Conjuncts with ম
Bengali ম exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures. Unlike most conjoined letters that stack, ম will retain a full vertical stem as a trailing consonant, connecting all the way to the head line to the right of leading consonants.[5]
ধ্ (dʱ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature dʱma:
দ্ (d) + ম (ma) gives the ligature dma:
গ্ (g) + ম (ma) gives the ligature gma:
ক্ (k) + ম (ma) gives the ligature kma:
ক্ (k) + ষ্ (ṣ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature kṣma:
ক্ (k) + শ্ (ʃ) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature kʃmya, with the ya phala suffix:
ল্ (l) + ম (ma) gives the ligature lma:
ম্ (m) + ভ (bha) gives the ligature mbha:
ম্ (m) + ভ্ (bh) + র (ra) gives the ligature mbhra, with the ra phala suffix:
ম্ (m) + ল (la) gives the ligature mla:
ম্ (m) + ম (ma) gives the ligature mma:
ম্ (m) + ন (na) gives the ligature mna:
ম্ (m) + প (pa) gives the ligature mpa:
ম্ (m) + ফ (pha) gives the ligature mpha:
ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature mpra, with the ra phala suffix:
ম্ (m) + র (ra) gives the ligature mra, with the ra phala suffix:
ম্ (m) + ব (va) gives the ligature mva, with the va phala suffix:
ম্ (m) + ব্ (v) + র (ra) gives the ligature mvra, with the ra phala suffix:
ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature mya, with the ya phala suffix:
ঙ্ (ŋ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ŋma:
ন্ (n) + ম (ma) gives the ligature nma:
ণ্ (ṇ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṇma:
র্ (r) + ম (ma) gives the ligature rma, with the repha prefix:
র্ (r) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature rmya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:
শ্ (ʃ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ʃma:
স্ (s) + ম (ma) gives the ligature sma:
ষ্ (ṣ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṣma:
ত্ (t) + ম (ma) gives the ligature tma:
ত্ (t) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature tmya, with the ya phala suffix:
ট্ (ṭ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṭma:
Gujarati Ma
Gujarati Ma.
Ma (મ) is the twenty-fifth consonant of the Gujaratiabugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ma with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .
Gujarati-using Languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, મ is pronounced as [mə] or [m] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
Ma
Mā
Mi
Mī
Mu
Mū
Mr
Ml
Mr̄
Ml̄
Mĕ
Me
Mai
Mŏ
Mo
Mau
M
Gujarati Ma syllables, with vowel marks in red.
Conjuncts with મ
Half form of Ma.
Gujarati મ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.
Ma (మ) is a consonant of the Teluguabugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಮ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.
Malayalam Ma
Malayalam letter Ma
Ma (മ) is a consonant of the Malayalamabugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Ma. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Malayalam Ma matras: Ma, Mā, Mi, Mī, Mu, Mū, Mr̥, Mr̥̄, Ml̥, Ml̥̄, Me, Mē, Mai, Mo, Mō, Mau, and M.
Conjuncts of മ
Malayalam letter Chillu M
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.
ᒣ, ᒥ, ᒧ and ᒪ are the base characters "Me", "Mi", "Mo" and "Ma" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᒻ (M) is a small version of the A-series letter ᒪ, although the Western Cree letter ᒼ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for M. The character ᒣ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter म, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring.[6][7]
Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.
Variant
E-series
I-series
O-series
A-series
Other
M + vowel
ᒣ
ᒥ
ᒧ
ᒪ
ᢺ
Me
Mi
Mo
Ma
May
Small
-
ᣘ
ᒽ
ᒻ
ᒼ
-
Ojibway M
Mh
M
Cree M
M with long vowels
-
ᒦ
ᒨ
ᒩ
ᒫ
ᒤ
-
Mī
Mō
Cree Mō
Mā
Māi
M + W-vowels
ᒬ
ᒭ
ᒮ
ᒯ
ᒲ
ᒳ
ᒶ
ᒷ
-
Mwe
Cree Mwe
Mwi
Cree Mwi
Mwo
Cree Mwo
Mwa
Cree Mwa
-
M + long W-vowels
-
ᒰ
ᒱ
ᒴ
ᒵ
ᒸ
ᒺ
ᒹ
-
-
Mwī
Cree Mwī
Mwō
Cree Mwō
Mwā
Naskapi Mwā
Cree Mwā
-
Odia Ma
Odia independent and subjoined letter Ma.
Ma (ମ) is a consonant of the Odiaabugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Ma. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Odia Ma with vowel matras
Ma
Mā
Mi
Mī
Mu
Mū
Mr̥
Mr̥̄
Ml̥
Ml̥̄
Me
Mai
Mo
Mau
M
ମ
ମା
ମି
ମୀ
ମୁ
ମୂ
ମୃ
ମୄ
ମୢ
ମୣ
ମେ
ମୈ
ମୋ
ମୌ
ମ୍
Conjuncts of ମ
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant.The subjoined form of Ma is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Ma Phala". The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
ମ୍ (m) + ଭ (bha) gives the ligature mbha:
ମ୍ (m) + ପ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:
ମ୍ (m) + ଫ (pha) gives the ligature mpha:
ମ୍ (m) + ମ (ma) gives the ligature mma:
Kaithi Ma
Kaithi consonant and half-form Ma.
Ma (𑂧) is a consonant of the Kaithiabugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Ma. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Kaithi Ma with vowel matras
Ma
Mā
Mi
Mī
Mu
Mū
Me
Mai
Mo
Mau
M
𑂧
𑂧𑂰
𑂧𑂱
𑂧𑂲
𑂧𑂳
𑂧𑂴
𑂧𑂵
𑂧𑂶
𑂧𑂷
𑂧𑂸
𑂧𑂹
Conjuncts of 𑂧
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.
𑂧୍ (m) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature mra:
𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂧 (ma) gives the ligature rma:
Comparison of Ma
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Na, are related as well.
^The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
^Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
^Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
^May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
^The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
^Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
^Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.
Character encodings of Ma
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ma in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ma from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.
The full range of E Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges .
References
^Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN0-471-39340-1.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
._%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D1%85%D1%96._Kharoshthi_letter_MA.svg){kind=small}
