These are biblical figures unambiguously identified in contemporary sources according to scholarly consensus. Biblical figures that are identified in artifacts of questionable authenticity, for example the Jehoash Inscription and the bullae of Baruch ben Neriah, or who are mentioned in ancient but non-contemporary documents, such as David and Balaam,[n 1] are excluded from this list.
Although the first mention of the name 'Israel' in archaeology dates to the 13th century BC,[1] contemporary information on the Israelite nation prior to the 9th century BC is extremely sparse.[2] In the following centuries a small number of local Hebrew documents, mostly seals and bullae, mention biblical character. Still, more extensive information is available in the royal inscriptions from neighbouring kingdoms, particularly Babylon, Assyria and Egypt.[2]
Identified as the murderer of his father Sennacherib in the Bible and in an Assyrian letter to Esarhaddon (ABL 1091), where he is called "Arda-Mulissi".[3][4]
Identified in the contemporary Kurkh Monolith inscription of Shalmaneser III[5] which describes the Battle of Qarqar and mentions "2,000 chariots, 10,000 soldiers of Ahab the Israelite" defeated by Shalmaneser, though the actual number of chariots is disputed.[6]
The Tel Dan Stele contains an account by a Aram-Damascaus king, Hazael, claiming to have slain "[Ahaz]iahu, son of [... kin]g of the house of David", who reigned c. 850–849 BCE.[10][11]
Also known as Hophra; named in numerous contemporary inscriptions including those of the capitals of the columns of his palace.[12][13]Herodotus speaks of him in Histories II, 161–171.[14]
Widely identified with "Artaxerxes" in the book of Nehemiah.[15][16] He is also found in the writings of contemporary historian Thucydides.[17] Scholars are divided over whether the king in Ezra's time was the same, or Artaxerxes II.
Mentioned by his father Nabonidus in the Nabonidus Cylinder.[22] According to another Babylonian tablet, Nabonidus "entrusted the kingship to him" when he embarked on a lengthy military campaign.[23]
Shalmaneser III of Assyria records that he defeated Hazael in battle and captured many chariots and horses from him.[32] The of majority of scholars think that Hazael was the author of the Tel Dan Stele.[33]
An account is preserved by Sennacherib of how he besieged "Hezekiah, the Jew", who "did not submit to my yoke", in his capital city of Jerusalem.[34] A bulla was also found bearing Hezekiah's name and title, reading "Belonging to Hezekiah [son of] Ahaz king of Judah".[9][35]
Hilkiah in extra-biblical sources is attested by the clay bulla naming a Hilkiah as the father of an Azariah,[36] and by the seal reading Hanan son of Hilkiah the priest.[37]
He was taken captive to Babylon after Nebuchadrezzar first captured Jerusalem. Texts from Nebuchadrezzar's Southern Palace record the rations given to "Jehoiachin king of the Judeans" (Akkadian: Ya'ukin sar Yaudaya).[41]
He is mentioned in the Tel Dan inscription alongside Ahaziah of Judah. The author of the text, Hazael, claims to have slain both Ahaziah of Judah and "[Jeho]ram".[10][11]
The Tel Dan Stele contains an account by a Aram-Damascaus king, Hazael, claiming to have slain "[Ahaz]iahu, son of [... kin]g of the house of David", and Jehoram is mentioned as king of the House of David and father of Ahaziah. His name is in brackets to fill in the gaps of the fragment.[10][11]
Mentioned in numerous contemporary sources, including the inscription of the Ishtar Gate, which he built.[49] Also called Nebuchadrezzar (Akkadian: Nabû-kudurri-uṣur).
A tributary of Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria and the last king of Aram Damascus.[57] According to the Bible, he was eventually put to death by Tiglath-Pileser.
A leading figure of the opposition which Nehemiah encountered during the rebuilding of the walls around the temple in Jerusalem. Sanballat is mentioned in the Elephantine Papyri.[43][58]
He besieged and conquered the city of Samaria and took many thousands captive, as recorded in the Bible and in an inscription in his royal palace.[59] His name, however, does not appear in the biblical account of this siege, but only in reference to his siege of Ashdod.
Mentioned on several royal palace weights found at Nimrud.[61] Another inscription was found that is thought to be his, but the name of the author is only partly preserved.[62]
Virtually all scholars identify him with king Shishak in the Hebrew Bible. The account of Shoshenq/Shishak’s invasion in the 5th year of Rehoboam correspond to an inscription found at Karnak of Shoshenq's campaign into Palestine.[63]
Called "Tirhaka, the king of Kush" in the books of Kings and Isaiah.[64] Several contemporary sources mention him and fragments of three statues bearing his name were excavated at Nineveh.[65]
Also called "Pul" in Second Kings. Numerous writings are ascribed to him and he is mentioned, among others, in an inscription by Barrakab, king of Sam'al.[68] He exiled inhabitants of the cities he captured in Israel.
Uzziah's name appears in two unprovenanced iconic stone seals discovered in 1858 and 1863. The first is inscribed l’byw ‘bd / ‘zyw, "[belonging] to ’Abiyah, minister of ‘Uziyah", and the second (rev.) lšbnyw ‘ / bd ‘zyw, "[belonging] to Shubnayah, minister of ‘Uziyah. [69] He suffered leprosy, and a major earthquake occurred during his reign in 760 BC.
Called Ahasuerus in the books of Ezra and Esther.[19][70] Xerxes is known in archaeology through a number of tablets and monuments,[71] notably the "Gate of All Nations" in Persepolis. He is also mentioned in Herodotus' Histories.
While the deuterocanon describes events between the eighth and second centuries BCE, most historically identifiable people mentioned in the deuterocanon lived around the time of the Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE), during which Judea was part of the Seleucid Empire. Coins featuring the names of rulers had become widespread and many of them were inscribed with the year number in the Seleucid era, allowing them to be dated precisely.
First-hand information comes also from the Greek historian Polybius (c. 200 – c. 118 BCE), whose Histories covers much of the same period as the Books of Maccabees, and from Greek and Babylonian inscriptions. Josephus also discusses the Maccabean Revolt in some detail in Jewish Antiquities Book XII, although the Greek version of the book of 1 Maccabees was one of Josephus's main sources, so Antiquities is considered by some scholars a circular reference rather than truly independent confirmation.[72]
First married to Alexander Balas,[95] later to Demetrius II and Antiochus VII, she became sole ruler after Demetrius' death.[96] Her name and portrait appear on period coinage.[96]
Ruled over part of the kingdom, simultaneously with Antiochus VI and Tryphon. He was defeated by Antiochus VII, but regained the throne in 129 BCE. Mentioned in the Babylonian Astronomical Diaries.[101]
By far the most important and most detailed sources for first-century Jewish history are the works of Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (37 – c. 100 AD).[115][116] These books mention many of the same prominent political figures as the New Testament books and are crucial for understanding the historical background of the emergence of Christianity.[117] Josephus also mentions Jesus and the execution of John the Baptist[118] although he was not a contemporary of either. Apart from Josephus, information about some New Testament figures comes from Roman historians such as Tacitus and Suetonius and from ancient coins and inscriptions.
Reigned between 27 BC and 14 AD, during which time Jesus was born. He left behind a wealth of buildings, coins and monuments,[119] including a funerary inscription in which he described his life and accomplishments. His life is also described in detail by several ancient Roman historians.
Mentioned by Josephus in the Antiquities of the Jews.[120] In 1990, workers found an ornate limestone ossuary while paving a road in the Peace Forest south of the Abu Tor neighborhood of Jerusalem.[121][122] This ossuary—referred to as the Caiaphas ossuary—contained the remains of an elderly man and has been declared by archaeologists to be authentic.[123] An Aramaic inscription on the side was thought to read "Joseph son of Caiaphas" and on this basis the bones of an elderly man were considered to belong to the High Priest Caiaphas.[121][124] In 2011, archaeologists from Bar-Ilan University announced the recovery of a stolen ossuary, It is inscribed with the text: "Miriam, daughter of Yeshua, son of Caiaphas, Priest of Ma’aziah from Beth ‘Imri".
A son of Herod the Great. Mentioned in Antiquities[125] and Wars of the Jews.[126]Mark, Matthew, Luke and Josephus[127] record that he killed John the Baptist.
Mentioned by his friend, the historian Nicolaus of Damascus[129][130] and by Josephus in the Antiquities. His name is also found on contemporary Jewish coins.[128]
The wife of Herod Antipas.[131] According to the synoptic gospels, she was formerly married to Antipas's brother Philip, apparently Philip the Tetrarch. However, Josephus writes that her first husband was Herod II. Many scholars view this as a contradiction, but some have suggested that Herod II was also called Philip.[132]
The brother (or stepbrother or cousin, depending on the interpretation) of Jesus and the first Bishop of Jerusalem. He is mentioned by Josephus in the Antiquities,[133] which state that he was arrested and stoned to death by order of High Priest Ananus ben Ananus. Ananus's decision angered Roman procurator Lucceius Albinus and local king Herod Agrippa II, who had him removed from his post.
The person after whom Christianity is named. He was a Jewish itinerant preacher who clashed with the Pharisees. The Jewish authorities arrested him and handed him over to Roman prefect Pontius Pilate, who had him crucified. Jesus is mentioned by Josephus in the Antiquities[134] and by Tacitus in his Annals.[135] There is also a reference to a 'Chresto' in Suetonius' The Twelve Ceasars, perhaps the historical Jesus of Nazareth.
A Jewish itinerant preacher, known for having baptized Jesus. He is mentioned by Josephus in the Antiquities,[136] which state that he was arrested and executed by order of the ethnarch of Galilea Herod Antipas.
On Wednesday, 27 July 2011, the Turkish news agency Anadolu reported that archaeologists had unearthed a tomb that the project leader claims to be the tomb of Saint Philip during excavations in Hierapolis close to the Turkish city Denizli. The Italian archaeologist, Professor Francesco D'Andria stated that scientists had discovered the tomb within a newly revealed church. He stated that the design of the tomb, and writings on its walls, definitively prove it belonged to the martyred apostle of Jesus.[137]
Josephus writes that he shared the kingdom of his father with his brothers Herod Antipas and Herod Archelaus.[138] His name and title appear on coinage from the period.[139][140]
He ordered Jesus's execution. A stone inscription was found that mentions his name and title: "[Po]ntius Pilatus, [Praef]ectus Iuda[ea]e" (Pontius Pilate, prefect of Judaea),[141][142] see Pilate Stone. He is mentioned by his contemporary Philo of Alexandria in his Embassy to Gaius, by Josephus in The Jewish War and the Antiquities and by Tacitus in his Annals.
Conducted a census while governing Syria as reported by Luke and Josephus,[143] and confirmed by a tomb inscription of one Quintus Aemilius Secundus, who had served under him.[144] He is mentioned by Josephus in the Antiquities and by Tacitus in the Annals.
A daughter of Herodias.[131] Although she is not named in the Gospels, but referred to as 'the daughter of Herodias', she is commonly identified with Salome, Herodias' daughter, mentioned in Josephus' Antiquities.[145]
Named in many inscriptions and on Roman coins. Among other accounts, some of his deeds are described by contemporary historian Velleius (died c. 31 CE).[150]
According to Paul, Aretas' governor in Damascus tried to arrest him. Besides being mentioned by Josephus,[156] his name is found in several contemporary inscriptions[157] and on numerous coins.[158]
A daughter of Herod Agrippa I. She appears to have had almost equal power to her brother Herod Agrippa II (with whom she was rumored to have an incestuous relationship, according to Josephus)[152] and is indeed called Queen Berenice in Tacitus's Histories.[159]
He is named as the father of Simon by Flavius Josephus in his autobiography.[164] In the Talmud he is also described as a prominent member of the Sanhedrin.[165]
Although his name is given as Herod by Luke,[n 8] and as Agrippa by Josephus,[166] the accounts both writers give about his death are so similar that they are commonly accepted to refer to the same person.[24][167] Hence many modern scholars call him Herod Agrippa (I).
He ruled alongside his sister Berenice. Josephus writes about him in his Antiquities,[152] and his name is found inscribed on contemporary Jewish coins.[128]
These are Biblical figures for which tentative but likely identifications have been found in contemporary sources based on matching names and credentials. The possibility of coincidental matching of names cannot be ruled out however.
Hebrew Bible (Protocanonical Old Testament)
Timeline showing the kings of Israel and Judah according to the chronology from Edwin R. Thiele. Kings that are known from contemporary extra-biblical sources are highlighted in yellow. Tentatively identified kings are highlighted in orange.
Amariah son of Hezekiah, an ancestor of the prophet Zephaniah mentioned in the genealogy of Zephaniah 1:1. A late 8th – early 7th century BCE bulla reading "[belonging to] Amaryahu, son of the King" might refer to him.[175]
Azariah son of Hilkiah and grandfather of Ezra: Mentioned in 1 Chronicles 6:13,14; 9:11 and Ezra 7:1. A bulla reading Azariah son of Hilkiah is likely to be his, according to Tsvi Schneider.[36]
Baalis king of Ammon is mentioned in Jeremiah 40:14. In 1984 an Ammonite seal, dated to c. 600 BCE, was excavated in Tell El-`Umeiri, Jordan that reads "belonging to Milkomor, the servant of Baalisha". Identification of 'Baalisha' with the biblical Baalis is likely,[178] but it is not currently known if there was only one Ammonite king of that name.[179]
Ben-Hadad I, was identified by William F. Albright as the "Bar-Hadad, son of [...], king of Aram" mentioned on the Melqart stele,[180] however, several other scholars, such as Kenneth Kitchen,[181] dispute this identification, as the stele's inscription is damaged and there is no outside evidence supporting this conclusion.
David, or more accurately his royal house, is mentioned in the Tel Dan Stele, see above entry for Ahaziah.
Darius II of Persia, is mentioned by the contemporary historian Xenophon of Athens,[182] in the Elephantine Papyri,[43] and other sources. 'Darius the Persian', mentioned in Nehemiah 12:22, is probably Darius II, although some scholars identify him with Darius I or Darius III.[183][184]
Gedaliah son of Ahikam, governor of Judah. A seal impression with the name 'Gedaliah who is over the house' is commonly identified with Gedaliah, son of Ahikam.[185]
Gemariah (son of Shaphan), son of Shaphan the scribe. A bulla was found with the text "To Gemaryahu ben Shaphan". This may have been the same person as "Gemariah son of Shaphan the scribe" mentioned in Jeremiah 36:10,12.[187]
Geshem (Gusham) the Arab, mentioned in Nehemia 6:1,6 is likely the same person as Gusham, king of Kedar, found in two inscriptions in Dedan and Tell el-Mashkutah (near the Suez Canal)[188]
Isaiah, In February 2018 archaeologist Eilat Mazar announced that she and her team had discovered a small seal impression which reads "[belonging] to Isaiah nvy" (could be reconstructed and read as "[belonging] to Isaiah the prophet") during the Ophel excavations, just south of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.[189] The tiny bulla was found "only 10 feet away" from where an intact bulla bearing the inscription "[belonging] to King Hezekiah of Judah" was discovered in 2015 by the same team.[190] Although the name "Isaiah" in Paleo-Hebrew alphabet is unmistakable, the damage on the bottom left part of the seal causes difficulties in confirming the word "prophet" or a common Hebrew name "Navi", casting some doubts whether this seal really belongs to the prophet Isaiah.[191]
Jehucal son of Shelemiah, an opponent of Jeremiah. Archaeologists excavated a bulla with his name,[192] but some scholars question the dating of the seal to the time of Jeremiah.
Jezebel, wife of king Ahab of Israel. A seal was found that may bear her name, but the dating and identification with the biblical Jezebel is a subject of debate among scholars.[194]
Josiah, king of Judah. Three seals were found that may have belonged to his son Eliashib.[195]
Nathan-melech, one of Josiah's officials in 2 Kings 23:11. A clay bulla dated to the middle of the seventh or beginning of the sixth century BCE was found in March 2019 during the Givati Parking Lot dig excavation in the City of the David area of Jerusalem bearing the inscription, "(belonging) to Nathan-melech, servant of the king."[196][197]
Nergal-sharezer, king of Babylon is probably identical to an official of Nebuchadnezzar II mentioned in Jeremiah 39:3, 13.[140] A record of his war with Syria was found on a tablet from the 'Neo-Babylonian Chronicle texts'.[198]
Seraiah son of Neriah. He was the brother of Baruch. Nahman Avigad identified him as the owner of a seal with the name "to Seriahu/Neriyahu".[36]
The so-called Shebna Lintel
Shebna (or Shebaniah), royal steward of Hezekiah: only the last two letters of a name (hw) survive on the so-called Shebna lintel, but the title of his position ("over the house" of the king) and the date indicated by the script style, have inclined many scholars to identify the person it refers to with Shebna.[199]
Shelomith, a daughter of Zerubbabel mentioned in the genealogy of 1 Chronicles 3:19. She has been identified with the owner of a seal reading "Belonging to Shelomith, maidservant of Elnathan the governor".[200]
Tou/Toi, king of Hamath. Several scholars have argued that Tou/Toi, mentioned in 2 Samuel 8:9 and 1 Chronicles 18:9, is identical with a certain 'Taita', king of 'Palistin', known from inscriptions found in northern Syria.[201][202] However, others have challenged this identification based on linguistic analysis and the uncertain dating of king Taita.[203]
Zedekiah, son of Hananiah (Jeremiah 36:12). A seal was found of "Zedekiah son of Hanani", identification is likely, but uncertain.[204]
Deuterocanonicals or biblical apocrypha
Ahikar, a sage mentioned in Tobit 1:21–22 and in the AramaicStory of Ahikar.[205]: 148 At Uruk (Warka), a Late Babyloniancuneiform tablet from the second century BCE mentions an Aramaic sage Aḫu’aqār under Esarhaddon (seventh century BCE).[205]: 148–150 There are also references to one or more people named Ahī-yaqar in cuneiform texts from the time of Sennacherib and Esarhaddon, although the identification of this person (or people) with the sage Ahiqar is uncertain.[205]: 144–145
Alexander son of Simon of Cyrene (Mark 15:21): A burial cave in the Kidron Valley discovered in 1941 by E. L. Sukenik, belonging to Cyrenian Jews and dating before AD 70, was found to have an ossuary inscribed twice in Greek "Alexander son of Simon". It cannot, however, be certain that this refers to the same person.[207][208]
'The Egyptian', who was according to Acts 21:38 the instigator of a rebellion, also appears to be mentioned by Josephus, although this identification is uncertain.[209][210]
Erastus of Corinth (Romans 16:23): An inscription mentioning an Erastus was found in 1929 near a paved area northeast of the theater of Corinth, dated to the mid-first century and reads "Erastus in return for his aedileship paved it at his own expense."[211] Some New Testament scholars have identified this aedile Erastus with the Erastus mentioned in the Epistle to the Romans but this is disputed by others.[212]
Joanna, wife of Chuza: An ossuary has been discovered bearing the inscription, "Johanna, granddaughter of Theophilus, the High Priest."[213] It is unclear if this was the same Joanna since Johanna was the fifth most popular woman's name in Judaea.[214]
Lysanias was tetrarch of Abila around 28 CE, according to Luke (3:1). Because Josephus only mentions a Lysanias of Abila who was executed in 36 BCE, some scholars have considered this an error by Luke. However, one inscription from Abila, which is tentatively dated 14–29 CE, appears to record the existence of a later tetrarch called Lysanias.[215][216]
Sergius Paulus was proconsul of Cyprus (Acts 13:4–7), when Paul visited the island around 46–48 CE.[217] Although several individuals with this name have been identified, no certain identification can be made. One Quintus Sergius Paulus, who was proconsul of Cyprus probably during the reign of Claudius (41–54 CE) is however compatible with the time and context of Luke's account.[217][218]
Theudas. The sole reference to Theudas presents a problem of chronology. In Acts of the Apostles, Gamaliel, a member of the sanhedrin, defends the apostles by referring to Theudas (Acts 5:36–8). The difficulty is that the rising of Theudas is here given as before that of Judas of Galilee, which is itself dated to the time of the taxation (c. 6–7 AD). Josephus, on the other hand, says that Theudas was 45 or 46, which is after Gamaliel is speaking, and long after Judas the Galilean.
^ abcIrvine, Stuart A. (2002). "The rise of the House of Jehu". In Dearman, J. Andrew; Graham, M. Patrick (eds.). The Land that I Will Show You: Essays on the History and Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honor of J. Maxwell Miller. A&C Black. pp. 113–115. ISBN9780567355805.
^Rogerson, John William; Davies, Philip R. (2005). The Old Testament world. Continuum International, 2005, p. 89.
^Dunn, James D. G. and Rogerson, John William (2003). Eerdmans commentary on the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans. "Artaxerxes": p. 321 ; "Pauline epistles": p. 1274
^ abThe Black Obelisk at the British Museum. Translation adapted by K. C. Hanson from Luckenbill, Daniel David (1927). Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
^ abcSchneider, Tsvi, "Six Biblical Signatures: Seals and seal impressions of six biblical personages recovered", Biblical Archaeology Review, July/August 1991
^Josette Elayi, New Light on the Identification of the Seal of Priest Hanan, son of Hilqiyahu (2 Kings 22), Bibliotheca Orientalis, 5/6, September–November 1992, 680–685.
^"The Annals of Tiglath-pileser". Livius.org. Translation into English by Leo Oppenheim. Quote: "I [Tiglath Pileser III] received tribute from... Menahem of Samaria...gold, silver, ..."
^*The Ishtar Gate", translation from Joachim Marzahn, The Ishtar Gate, The Processional Way, The New Year Festival of Babylon. Mainz am Rhein, Germany: Philipp von Zaubern, 1995.
^""The Annals of Sargon"Archived 2015-06-19 at the Wayback Machine. Excerpted from "Great Inscription in the Palace of Khorsabad", tr. Julius Oppert, in Records of the Past, vol. 9. London: Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1877. pp. 3–20.
^Grabbe, Lester L., Israel in transition: from late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250–850 B.C.E.), Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010, p. 84 [3]
^Toher, Mark, in Herod and Augustus: Papers Presented at the IJS Conference, 21st-23rd June 2005 (edited by Jacobson, David M. & Kokkinos, Nikos), Brill, 2009, p. 71 [9]
^Nicolaus of Damascus, Autobiography, translated by C.M.Hall, fragment 134
^Burgers, P., Coinage and State Expenditure: The Reign of Claudius AD 41–54 [14] in Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte Vol. 50, No. 1 (1st Qtr., 2001), pp. 96–114
^Borgen, Peder, Early Christianity and Hellenistic Judaism, T&T Clark, 1998, p. 55 [15]
^Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Letter 104 from Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium, translation by Richard M. Gummere
^Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, Gallio InscriptionArchived 2011-05-18 at the Wayback Machine, translation by K. C. Hanson (adapted from Conzelmann and Fitzmyer).
^Heltzer, Michael, THE SEAL OF ˓AŚAYĀHŪ. In Hallo, 2000, Vol. II p. 204
^Avigad, Nahman (1997). Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals (2 ed.). Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 237. ISBN978-9652081384.; WSS 90, published by the Israel Academy of Sciences & Humanities
^Grabbe, Lester L., Can a 'History of Israel' Be Written?, Continuum International, 1997, pp. 80–82 [18]
^Mykytiuk, Lawrence J., Identifying Biblical persons in Northwest Semitic inscriptions of 1200-539 B.C.E., Society of Biblical Literature, 2004, Baalis: p. 242 [19]; Jeroboam: p. 136 [20]
^Albright, W. F. (October 1942). "A Votive Stele Erected by Ben-Hadad I of Damascus to the God Melcarth". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 87 (87): 23–29. doi:10.2307/1355460. JSTOR1355460. S2CID163203878.
^Kitchen, K. A. (2006). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN978-0-8028-0396-2.
^"Isaiah’s Signature Uncovered in Jerusalem: Evidence of the prophet Isaiah?" By Megan Sauter. Bible History Daily. Biblical Archeology Society. 22 Feb 2018. Quote by Mazar: "Because the bulla has been slightly damaged at end of the word nvy, it is not known if it originally ended with the Hebrew letter aleph, which would have resulted in the Hebrew word for "prophet" and would have definitively identified the seal as the signature of the prophet Isaiah. The absence of this final letter, however, requires that we leave open the possibility that it could just be the name Navi. The name of Isaiah, however, is clear."
^Steitler, Charles (2010). "The Biblical King Toi of Ḥamath and the Late Hittite State "P/Walas(a)tin"". Bibische Notizen (146): 95.
^The History of King David in Light of New Epigraphic and Archeological Data, (link), website of University of Haifa, citing publications by Gershon Galil from 2013-2014
^Vanderkam, James C., in The Continuum History of Apocalypticism [27] (edited by McGinn, Bernard J.; Collins, John J.; Stein, Stephen J.), Continuum, 2003, p. 133
^Frankfurter, David, Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt [28], Brill, 1998, p. 206
^"PH209961". Searchable Greek Inscriptions. The Packard Humanities Institute. Retrieved 18 May 2012. Inscription: Latin: ERASTVS. PRO. AED. S. P. STRAVIT, abbreviated for ERASTUS PRO AEDILITATE SUA PECUNIA STRAVIT.
^Gill, David W. J. (1989). "Erastus The Aedile". Tyndale Bulletin. 40 (2): 298. doi:10.53751/001c.30545.
^D. Barag and D. Flusser, The Ossuary of Yehohanah Granddaughter of the High Priest Theophilus, Israel Exploration Journal, 36 (1986), 39–44.
^Richard Bauckham, Gospel Women: Studies of the Named Women in the Gospels (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2002), 143
^Kerr, C. M., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Wm. B. Eerdmans 1939, entry Lysanias [29]
^Morris, Leon, Luke: an introduction and commentary [30] Wm. B. Eerdmans 1988, p. 28
^ abGill, David W. J. (ed.) & Gempf, Conrad (ed.), The Book of Acts in Its Graeco-Roman Setting [31] Wm. B. Eerdmans 1994, p. 282
^Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Vol. III: K–P [32] Wm. B. Eerdmans 1986, pp. 729–730 (entry Paulus, Sergius)
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2016. Humanizing Satellite adalah berasal dari dua kata yang bersifat subjek dan objek. Humanizing sebagai subjek yang berarti menggambarkan dengan karakteristik manusia dan Satellite sebagai objek adalah elemen yang sangat penting dari sistem komunikasi kon...
Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Batubara dan Batu bara. Kabupaten Batu BaraKabupatenTranskripsi bahasa daerah • JawiباتوباراIcon gate Kabupaten Batu Bara LambangMotto: Sejahtera berjayaPetaKabupaten Batu BaraPetaTampilkan peta SumatraKabupaten Batu BaraKabupaten Batu Bara (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaKoordinat: 3°09′42″N 99°31′35″E / 3.16166°N 99.52652°E / 3.16166; 99.52652Negara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera UtaraTanggal ber...
Thevar Maganposter filmSutradaraBharathanProduserKamal HaasanChandra Haasan[1]Ditulis olehKamal HaasanPemeran Sivaji Ganesan Kamal Haasan Nassar Revathi Gouthami Vadivelu Kaka Radhakrishnan S. N. Lakshmi Thalaivasal Vijay Renuka Penata musikIlaiyaraajaSinematograferP. C. SriramPenyuntingN. P. SatishPerusahaanproduksiRaaj Kamal Films InternationalDistributorRaaj Kamal Films InternationalTanggal rilis25 Oktober 1992[2] (India) 8 September 1994 (FFIT)Durasi145 menitNegaraIn...
2002 German filmFührer ExDirected byWinfried BonengelWritten by Winfried Bonengel Ingo Hasselbach Douglas Graham Produced byLaurens StraubClementina HegewischRainer MockertStarring Aaron Hildebrand Christian Blümel CinematographyFrank BarbianEdited byMonika SchindlerMusic byLoek DikkerMichael BeckmannProductioncompaniesMBP (Germany)Next FilmStudioCanalRelease dateAugust 31, 2002 (2002-08-31)Running time107 min.CountryGermanyLanguageGermanBudget€5 000 000 Führer Ex is a Ger...
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (June 2019) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary...
French critic, historian, and philosopher (1828–1893) Hippolyte TaineBornHippolyte Adolphe Taine(1828-04-21)21 April 1828Vouziers, FranceDied5 March 1893(1893-03-05) (aged 64)Paris, FranceNationalityFrenchAcademic backgroundAlma materÉcole Normale SupérieureAcademic workSchool or traditionConservatismNaturalismPositivismMain interestsPhilosophy of art · History of France · Political philosophy Signature Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (French pronunciation: [ipɔlit adɔlf tɛn], 2...
Political party in the Philippines This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Fight of Democratic Filipinos Laban ng Demokratikong PilipinoPresidentBellaflor...
Voce principale: Carpi Calcio. Carpi Football Club 1909Stagione 2016-2017Sport calcio Squadra Carpi Allenatore Fabrizio Castori All. in seconda Giandomenico Costi Presidente Claudio Caliumi Serie B7º posto Coppa ItaliaTerzo turno Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Lasagna (42) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Lasagna (14) StadioSandro Cabassi (5 510) Maggior numero di spettatori5 510 vs. Benevento (4 giugno 2017) Minor numero di spettatori737 vs. Maceratese (6 agosto 2016) Media spetta...
Ah-Shi-Sle-Pah Wilderness Study Area, NM Berikut adalah daftar wilayah kajian liar (wilderness study area/WSA) di Amerika Serikat per Desember 2009. Wilayah kajian liar adalah wilayah tetap yang memenuhi kriteria Undang-Undang Wilayah Liar dan diperlakukan layaknya daerah liar oleh lembaga induknya sambil menunggu keputusan Kongres. Wilayah kajian liar Bureau of Land Management Handies Peak WSA, dekat Lake City, Colorado Sleeping Giant WSA, dekat Helena, Montana Wilayah-wilayah ini merupakan ...
Shooting spree in Santa Monica, California, US 2013 Santa Monica shootingsLocation of Santa Monica within Los Angeles County, in the state of California.LocationSanta Monica, California, U.S.Coordinates34°01′08″N 118°28′12″W / 34.0188290°N 118.4700428°W / 34.0188290; -118.4700428DateJune 7, 2013 (2013-06-07) 11:52 a.m. – 12:05 p.m. (PDT)Attack typeSpree shooting, school shooting, patricide, fratricide, arsonWeapons Homemade AR-15-type ...
Universitas SokaSoka Daigaku (創価大学code: ja is deprecated )JenisSwastaDidirikan1971PresidenHideo YamamotoLokasiHachioji, Tokyo, JepangAfiliasiASAIHLSitus webwww.soka.ac.jp Artikel ini mengenai universitas Jepang, untuk universitas Soka di Amerika Serikat, lihat Soka University of America. Soka University (創価大学code: ja is deprecated , Sōka Daigaku) adalah universitas swasta di Hachioji, Tokyo, Jepang. Berdiri tahun 1971, universitas ini sering disebut Sōdai (Namun lebih banyak...
هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (سبتمبر 2021) لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع المذنب (توضيح). هذه المقالة عن مدينة المذنب. لمح...
الحزب الاجتماعي للوحدة الوطنية البلد كولومبيا تاريخ التأسيس 18 ديسمبر 2005 المقر الرئيسي بوغوتا الأيديولوجيا طرف خارجي، وليبرالية اجتماعية الموقع الرسمي الموقع الرسمي تعديل مصدري - تعديل الحزب الاجتماعي للوحدة الوطنية (بالإسبانية: Partido Social de Unidad ...
Collective departments of the British royal family This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Royal Households of the United Kingdom – news · newspapers · books&#...
Secangkir kopi Moka Moka adalah minuman kopi yang terbuat dari campuran espreso dengan coklat dan susu. Saat ini campuran Moka-Jawa biasa dicampur dengan varietas lainnya untuk menciptakan cita rasa yang khas dan unik. Banyak perusahaan kopi yang memiliki campurannya tersendiri. Komposisinya diracik dari bubuk cokelat, kopi Wina, susu panas, dan busa. Di Eropa, kopi ini dikenal sebagai Moccacino. Nama Mocha sendiri sebenarnya adalah sebuah nama varietas kopi dari daerah Mukha, Yaman. Pranala ...
Historical judicial practice Capital punishment in Mexico was officially outlawed on 15 March 2005, having not been used in civil cases since 1957, and in military cases since 1961. Mexico is the world's most populous country to have completely abolished the death penalty. History A Mexican execution by firing squad in 1916 There is significant history of abolitionism in Mexico, dating back to the 19th century. Following the Plan of Ayutla, the 1857 constitution was drafted, which specificall...
Ekor T (bahasa Inggris: T-tail) adalah sebuah konfigurasi ekor pesawat di mana permukaan horisontal (bidang ekor dan elevator) yang dipasang ke bagian atas stabilizer vertikal. Pengaturan yang dihasilkan terlihat seperti huruf kapital T apabila dilihat dari depan atau belakang. Hal ini berbeda dengan konfigurasi tradisional di mana permukaan kontrol horisontal yang dipasang ke badan pesawat di dasar stabilizer vertikal. Referensi lbsKomponen dan sistem pesawat terbangKerangka Badan Ekor Ekor...
Seorang kakek dari Suku Bayan, Lombok, salah satu contoh fotografi berjenis minat insani Dalam jurnalistik, minat insani (bahasa Inggris: human interest) merupakan jenis karangan khas yang menceritakan tentang seseorang, suatu masyarakat, atau hewan peliharaan secara emosional[1] yang menunjukkan tentang manusia dan masalah, kekhawatiran, atau prestasi mereka dengan cara khusus yang menyebabkan hal tersebut menjadi menarik, menarik simpati, atau memberikan motivasi kepada pemirsa ...
SEA TO SKY晚上的SEA TO SKY（2023年1月）概要用途住宅地址 香港新界東將軍澳小赤沙康城路1號前身填海地竣工日2021年12月（3年樓齡）管理者港鐵物業管理Premier技术细节座数3层数54層（1座）60層（2座）61層（3座）（實際樓層數，不計算發展商之跳層）设计与建造开发商長江實業集團及港鐵公司其他信息设施會所、園林花園、停車場网站https://www.seatosky.hk/ 住宅範圍內的水景和�...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع سنتر بوينت (توضيح). سنتر بوينت الإحداثيات 42°11′26″N 91°46′57″W / 42.190555555556°N 91.7825°W / 42.190555555556; -91.7825 [1] تاريخ التأسيس 1854 تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة[2] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة لين خصائص جغرافية المساحة 6.724829 ...
