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Lake Warren
Lake Warren
	Map of Glacial Lakes Warren and Chicago (USGS 1915)
	Lake Warren Lake Warren
Location	North America
Group	Great Lakes
Coordinates	42°12′N 81°12′W / 42.2°N 81.2°W
Lake type	former lake
Etymology	Warren Upham
Primary inflows	Laurentide Ice Sheet
Primary outflows	Mohawk River
Basin countries	Canada; United States
First flooded	12,700 years before present
Max. length	290 mi (470 km)
Max. width	110 mi (180 km)
Residence time	200 years in existence
Surface elevation	690 ft (210 m); 680 ft (207 m); 675 ft (206 m)
References	Lewis CFM, Cameron GDM, Anderson TW, Heil CW Jr, Gareau PL. 2012. Lake levels in the Erie Basin of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology 47:493-511.

Lake Warren was a proglacial lake that formed in the Lake Erie basin around 12,700 years before present (YBP) when Lake Whittlesey dropped in elevation. Lake Warren is divided into three stages: Warren I 690 feet (210 m), Warren II 680 feet (210 m), and Warren III 675 feet (206 m), each defined by the relative elevation above sea level.^[2]

Origin

Lake Warren followed Lake Wayne. It covered the basin of Lake Erie, part of Lake Huron, including Saginaw Bay and the lowland, which separates Lake Huron from Lake Erie. It included a part of the Lake Ontario basin and the lowland between Lakes Ontario and Erie. Lake Warren included the Saginaw basin and the Huron-Erie basin. Its outlet was through the Grand River to Lake Chicago. The beach stands at 680 feet (210 m) above sea level west of the hinge line, unaffected by the isostatic rebound. It is marginally above the outlet, at 670 feet (200 m). Lake Warren was preceded by a lower stage, which had its outlet through the Mohawk valley.^[2] Lake Warren came into existence when its waters were raised from Lake Wayne by an advancing ice front. The ice both compacted the area where the melt water could be held, raising the water level, while blocking the lower outlet from Lake Wayne.^[3]

Size

Lake Warren was about half the size of the present day Lake Erie, lying in the southern half of the basin.

Beach

The beach rises to the north of the Grand River outlet at 2 feet (0.61 m) per mile until it reaches 800 feet (240 m) near Gladwin. It is also nearly 800 feet (240 m) on the point of the "Thumb" in Huron county north of Bad Axe. The beach is horizontal from Lenox, in St. Clair county, around the west end of Lake Erie, then along the south shore through Ohio to the Pennsylvania line, a distance of 300 miles (480 km). Between there and Batavia, New York, it rises 200 feet (61 m) in the next 150 miles (240 km).^[2]

The beach marks a lake level which lasted a considerable period of time, shorter than either the Arkona or the Lake Whittlesey durations. The delta deposits are not as extensive as Lake Arkona. Its shore deposits vary, where the lakebed was till or gravelly material, a gravelly beach was formed. Where the lakebed was sandy it is a sandy ridge.^[2]

Lakes Warren and Wayne

The relatively strong but discontinuous multiple sand and gravel beach ridges occurring as close as 40 feet and as much as 100 feet below the Whittlesey strand line in western New York (between 750 and 865 feet (229 and 264 m) are correlated with Glacial Lake Warren. These ridges occur at the foot of the Allegheny Plateau. They are frequently associated with deltas. The ridges are well developed in a few areas well beyond the Plateau in the Lakes Erie and Ontario lowlands. In many cases, the ridges and deltas are underlain by silts of Lake Whittlesey lakebed.^[4]

References

^ Publication 9. Geological Series 7; Surface Geology and Agricultural Conditions of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan; Frank Leverett with a Chapter on Climate by C. F. Schneider;Michigan Geological and Biological Survey Lansing Michigan; 1911 .
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Publication 9. Geological Series 7; Surface Geology and Agricultural Conditions of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan; Frank Leverett with a Chapter on Climate by C. F. Schneider;Michigan Geological and Biological Survey Lansing Michigan; 1911
^ Chapter XIX, Glacial Lake Warren; Frank B. Taylor; Glacial Formations and Drainage Features Erie and Ohio Basins; Chapter XIX, Glacial Lake Warren; Frank B. Taylor; Government Printing Office; Washington, D.C.; 1902; pg 741-757
^ Strand Lines and Chronology of the Glacial Great Lakes in Northwestern New York; Parker E. Calkin; Department of Geological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo; The Ohio Journal of Science 70(2): 78, March, 1970

Strand Lines and Chronology of the Glacial Great Lakes in Northwestern New York; Parker E. Calkin; Department of Geological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo; The Ohio Journal of Science 70(2): 78, March, 1970
Chapter XIX, Glacial Lake Warren; Frank B. Taylor; Glacial Formations and Drainage Features Erie and Ohio Basins; Frank Leverett and Frank B. Taylor; Government Printing Office; Washington, D.C.; 1902; pg 741-757
Moraines of the Maumee Lobe; Glacial Formations and Drainage Features of the Erie and Ohio Basins; Monograph XLI; Frank Leverett; Government Printing Office; Washington, D.C.; 1902
Publication 9. Geological Series 7; Surface Geology and Agricultural Conditions of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan; Frank Leverett with a Chapter on Climate by C. F. Schneider;Michigan Geological and Biological Survey Lansing Michigan; 1911
Bull. Geol. Soo. America, vol. S, 1897, pp. 274–297; also vol. 10, 1899, pp. 27–68.
Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 41, 1902, pp. 760–771.
Correlation of Erie-Huron beaches with outlets and moraines of southeastern Michigan: Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. S, 1897, pp. 56–57.