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Lake Corcoran
Lake Corcoran
	Present-day San Joaquin Valley drainage
Location	Central Valley, California, United States
Coordinates	61°34′24″N 149°41′25″W / 61.57327°N 149.69031°W
Type	Lake
Primary inflows	Sacramento River, San Joaquin River
Basin countries	United States
Surface area	30,000–50,000 square kilometers (12,000–19,000 sq mi)

Lake Corcoran (also known as Lake Clyde, after Clyde Wahrhaftig, an American geologist^[1]) was an ancient lake that covered the Central Valley of California.

The lake existed in the valleys of the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River,^[2] at least as far north as the Sutter Buttes.^[3] If so, it might have had a size comparable to Lake Michigan.^[4] An alternate view presumes that the lake covered only the southern parts of the Central Valley.^[5] The total surface covered by the lake amounts to about 30,000–50,000 square kilometers (12,000–19,000 sq mi).^[6] Buena Vista Lake, Kern Lake and Tulare Lake are remnants of Lake Corcoran.^[5]

The lake is the source of the Corcoran Clay,^[2] a lacustrine unit of the Tulare and Turlock Lake formations.^[7] It also influenced sedimentation off the coast of California.^[8]

The lake existed between about 758,000 and 665,000 years ago.^[2] Clay deposition rates indicate that the lake lasted for 50,000 to 100,000 years,^[9] and it underwent about 15 dry-wet cycles.^[10] The Lava Creek Tuff of Yellowstone Caldera and the Bishop Tuff of the Long Valley Caldera were deposited in the Corcoran Clay.^[11] Before Lake Corcoran formed, the Central Valley was a bay open to the south via a passage, until 2 million years ago when the bay was separated from the ocean, probably due to northwestward movement of the Coast Ranges along the San Andreas Fault. Subsequently, the valley was no longer a bay and alternately drained and filled with water.^[7] The factors contributing to the formation of Lake Corcoran are not fully understood^[12] but it appears that Great Valley drainage for most of the Miocene epoch was to the south.^[13]

The lake originally drained into Monterey Bay^[14]^[8] via the Salinas River,^[15] or at times not at all.^[2] Evaporation from this lake was a source of water for the Sierra Nevada and in lesser measure for the Basin and Range Province behind it. This contributed to the formation of large pluvial lakes in Nevada.^[6]

Six hundred thousand years ago a new outlet formed in the present day San Francisco Bay, where it remains today.^[8] Sediments found south of San Francisco indicate that by 400,000 years ago the drainage was fully established. The overflow may have occurred at a time where glaciers were melting and when shifts in the jet stream during the marine oxygen isotope stage 6 caused increased precipitation in and runoff to the Central Valley.^[2]^[16] The overflow rapidly carved an outlet through Carquinez Strait, probably catastrophically,^[14]^[15] and drained the lake.^[6]^[16] The Upper Turbidite Unit of the Monterey submarine fan may have formed soon after this outflow, when sediment from the former lake was carried out of its new outlet and down to Monterey Bay by longshore drift.^[17]^[18]

References

^ Richard Hilton (29 August 2003). Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California. University of California Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-520-92845-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sankey, Julia; Biewer, Jacob; Basuga, Janus; Palacios, Francisco; Wagner, Hugh; Garber, Dennis (1 January 2016). "The giant, spike-toothed salmon, and the "Proto-Tuolumne River" (early Pliocene) of Central California". PaleoBios. 33: 13. doi:10.5070/P9331033123.
^ Sarna-Wojcicki 2021, p. 459.
^ Sarna-Wojcicki 2021, p. 460.
^ ^a ^b Saleeby, Saleeby & Pourhiet 2013, p. 406.
^ ^a ^b ^c Reheis, Marith (1 September 1999). "Highest Pluvial-Lake Shorelines and Pleistocene Climate of the Western Great Basin". Quaternary Research. 52 (2): 203. Bibcode:1999QuRes..52..196R. doi:10.1006/qres.1999.2064. S2CID 128533773.
^ ^a ^b Sarna-Wojcicki et al. 1985, p. 253.
^ ^a ^b ^c "NEOGENE". www-odp.tamu.edu. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
^ Sarna-Wojcicki et al. 1985, p. 255.
^ Sarna-Wojcicki 2021, p. 461.
^ Negrini et al. 2008, p. 106.
^ Saleeby, Saleeby & Pourhiet 2013, p. 418.
^ Sarna-Wojcicki 2021, p. 457.
^ ^a ^b Wong, K. (30 September 2006). "Carquinez Breakthrough: Where Bay and Valley Meet". Bay Nature. Bay Nature Institute. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ ^a ^b Martin, G. (20 December 1999). "Bay Today, Gone Tomorrow". SF Gate. Hearst Communications. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ ^a ^b Negrini et al. 2008, p. 107.
^ Fildani, Andrea; Normark, William R. (31 May 2004). "Late Quaternary evolution of channel and lobe complexes of Monterey Fan". Marine Geology. 206 (1–4): 217. Bibcode:2004MGeol.206..199F. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2004.03.001.
^ Normark, W. R. (September 1998). "Late Pleistocene channel–levee development on Monterey submarine fan, central California". Geo-Marine Letters. 18 (3): 179–188. doi:10.1007/s003670050066. S2CID 129302795.

Sources

Negrini, Robert; Baron, Dirk; Gillespie, Janice; Horton, Robert; Draucker, Anne; Durham, Neil; Huff, John; Philley, Paul; Register, Carol (2008). "A middle Pleistocene lacustrine delta in the Kern River depositional system: Structural control, regional stratigraphic context, and impact on groundwater quality" (PDF). Pacific Section AAPG Publication MP48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
Saleeby, J.; Saleeby, Z.; Pourhiet, L. Le (1 June 2013). "Epeirogenic transients related to mantle lithosphere removal in the southern Sierra Nevada region, California: Part II. Implications of rock uplift and basin subsidence relations". Geosphere. 9 (3): 394–425. Bibcode:2013Geosp...9..394S. doi:10.1130/GES00816.1. ISSN 1553-040X.
Sarna-Wojcicki, Andrei M.; Meyer, Charles E.; Bowman, Harry R.; Hall, Timothy N.; Russell, Paul C.; Woodward, Marta J.; Slate, Janet L. (1 March 1985). "Correlation of the Rockland ash bed, a 400,000-year-old stratigraphic marker in northern California and western Nevada, and implications for middle Pleistocene paleogeography of central California". Quaternary Research. 23 (2): 236–257. Bibcode:1985QuRes..23..236S. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(85)90031-6. S2CID 129382872.
Sarna-Wojcicki, Andrei M. (27 September 2021). "Late Cenozoic paleogeographic reconstruction of the San Francisco Bay area from analysis of stratigraphy, tectonics, and tephrochronology". In Sullivan, Raymond; Sloan, Doris; Unruh, Jeffrey R.; Schwartz, David P. (eds.). Regional Geology of Mount Diablo, California: Its Tectonic Evolution on the North America Plate Boundary. Geological Society of America. pp. 443–472. doi:10.1130/2021.1217(17). ISBN 978-0-8137-1217-8. Retrieved 7 December 2022.

[Hilton2003-1] Richard Hilton (29 August 2003). Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California. University of California Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-520-92845-9.

[SankeyBiewer2016-2] Sankey, Julia; Biewer, Jacob; Basuga, Janus; Palacios, Francisco; Wagner, Hugh; Garber, Dennis (1 January 2016). "The giant, spike-toothed salmon, and the "Proto-Tuolumne River" (early Pliocene) of Central California". PaleoBios. 33: 13. doi:10.5070/P9331033123.

[FOOTNOTESarna-Wojcicki2021459-3] Sarna-Wojcicki 2021, p. 459.

[FOOTNOTESarna-Wojcicki2021460-4] Sarna-Wojcicki 2021, p. 460.

[FOOTNOTESaleebySaleebyPourhiet2013406-5] Saleeby, Saleeby & Pourhiet 2013, p. 406.

[Reheis1999-6] Reheis, Marith (1 September 1999). "Highest Pluvial-Lake Shorelines and Pleistocene Climate of the Western Great Basin". Quaternary Research. 52 (2): 203. Bibcode:1999QuRes..52..196R. doi:10.1006/qres.1999.2064. S2CID 128533773.

[FOOTNOTESarna-WojcickiMeyerBowmanHall1985253-7] Sarna-Wojcicki et al. 1985, p. 253.

[Tamu-8] "NEOGENE". www-odp.tamu.edu. Retrieved 24 December 2016.

[FOOTNOTESarna-WojcickiMeyerBowmanHall1985255-9] Sarna-Wojcicki et al. 1985, p. 255.

[FOOTNOTESarna-Wojcicki2021461-10] Sarna-Wojcicki 2021, p. 461.

[FOOTNOTENegriniBaronGillespieHorton2008106-11] Negrini et al. 2008, p. 106.

[FOOTNOTESaleebySaleebyPourhiet2013418-12] Saleeby, Saleeby & Pourhiet 2013, p. 418.

[FOOTNOTESarna-Wojcicki2021457-13] Sarna-Wojcicki 2021, p. 457.

[Wong2016-14] Wong, K. (30 September 2006). "Carquinez Breakthrough: Where Bay and Valley Meet". Bay Nature. Bay Nature Institute. Retrieved 20 January 2017.

[Martin1999-15] Martin, G. (20 December 1999). "Bay Today, Gone Tomorrow". SF Gate. Hearst Communications. Retrieved 20 January 2017.

[FOOTNOTENegriniBaronGillespieHorton2008107-16] Negrini et al. 2008, p. 107.

[FildaniNormark2004-17] Fildani, Andrea; Normark, William R. (31 May 2004). "Late Quaternary evolution of channel and lobe complexes of Monterey Fan". Marine Geology. 206 (1–4): 217. Bibcode:2004MGeol.206..199F. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2004.03.001.

[Normark1998-18] Normark, W. R. (September 1998). "Late Pleistocene channel–levee development on Monterey submarine fan, central California". Geo-Marine Letters. 18 (3): 179–188. doi:10.1007/s003670050066. S2CID 129302795.

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Lake Corcoran

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