Koalib language

Koalib
Koalib
Kowalib
Rere
Native to	Sudan
Region	Nuba Hills
Ethnicity	Koalib, Turum, Umm Heitan
Native speakers	100,000 (2009)
Language family	Niger–Congo? Kordofanian (geographic) Talodi–Heiban Heiban Central Koalib; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kib
Glottolog	koal1240

Koalib (also called Kwalib, Abri, Lgalige, Nirere and Rere) is a Niger–Congo language in the Heiban family spoken in the Nuba Mountains of southern Sudan.^[2] The Koalib Nuba, Turum and Umm Heitan ethnic groups speak this language.

Dialects and locations

Koalib dialects and locations (Ethnologue, 22nd edition):

Nginyukwur dialect: Hadra, Nyukwur, and Umm Heitan
Ngirere dialect: Abri area
Ngunduna dialect: Koalib hills area
Nguqwurang dialect: Turum and Umm Berumbita

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar
		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	plain	lab.
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	ʈ	c	k	kʷ
	voiced/imp.	b	d	ᶑ	ɟ
	prenasal	ᵐb	ⁿd	ᶯɖ	ᶮɟ	ᵑɡ	ᵑɡʷ
Fricative		f			ʃ
Nasal		m	n		ɲ	ŋ	ŋʷ
Rhotic			r	ɽ
Approximant			l		j	w

The voiced retroflex equivalent is an implosive sound [ᶑ] rather than a standard plosive [ɖ].
Gemination occurs among plosive, nasal, liquid and approximant sounds.
Sounds /f, t, ʃ, k, kʷ/ in intervocalic or pre-consonantal position can be heard as voiced [v, ð, ʒ, ɡ, ɡʷ]. In post-consonantal position, /f, t, ʃ, k/ are heard as [v, ð, ʒ, ɡ].
In final position, sounds /ɟ, f/ are heard as [c, p].
Sounds /p, t, ʈ, c, k, kʷ/ in intervocalic position can be heard as tense [pː, tː, ʈː, cː, kː, kːʷ].^[3]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Open-mid	ɛ	ɐ	ɔ
Open		a

Writing system

Capital and small at letters in Doulos SIL typeface

It is written using the Latin script,^[2] but includes some unusual letters. It shares a tailed R (Ɽ) with other Sudanese languages, and uses a letter resembling the at sign (@) for transcribing the letter ع in Arabic loanwords. The Unicode Standard includes R WITH TAIL at code points U+027D (lowercase) and U+2C64 (uppercase), but the Unicode Consortium in 2004 declined to encode the at sign separately as an orthographic letter due to lack of evidence of use.^[4]

SIL International maintains a registry of Private Use Area code points in which U+F247 represents LATIN SMALL LETTER AT, and U+F248 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AT.^[5] However, they have marked this PUA representation as deprecated since September 2014, and the current version of their corporate PUA character assignments package recommends using U+24D0 ⓐ CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER A and U+24B6 Ⓐ CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A for that letter instead.^[6]

Publications

The New Testament was published in Koalib in 1967.

Footnotes

^ Koalib at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ ^a ^b Ethnologue report Archived 2008-09-05 at the Wayback Machine for language code: kib, retrieved on Apr. 12, 2010.
^ Quint, Nicolas; Kokko, S. Ali Karmal (2009). The phonology of Koalib: A Kordofanian language of the Nuba mountains (Sudan). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
^ "Resolved Public Review Issues (Public Review Issue #40)". Unicode. 2004-11-08. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
^ Charis SIL Archived 2010-04-13 at the Wayback Machine font documentation, retrieved on Apr. 12, 2010.
^ Constable, Peter, and Lorna A. Priest (January 17, 2019) SIL Corporate PUA Assignments 5.2a Archived 2010-02-23 at the Wayback Machine. SIL International Archived 2007-12-01 at the Wayback Machine. pp. 59-60. Retrieved on July 20, 2020.