Greater Awyu languages

Greater Awyu
Digul River
Geographic
distribution		Digul watershed, New Guinea
Linguistic classificationTrans–New Guinea
Proto-languageProto-Digul River
Subdivisions
  • Awyu–Dumut
  • Becking–Dawi
  • Sawi
Language codes
Glottologgrea1275
Map: The Awyu–Dumut languages of New Guinea
  The Awyu–Dumut languages (other languages not shown)
  Other Trans–New Guinea languages
  Other Papuan languages
  Austronesian languages
  Uninhabited

The Greater Awyu or Digul River languages, known in earlier classifications with more limited scope as Awyu–Dumut (Awyu–Ndumut), are a family of perhaps a dozen Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in eastern West Papua in the region of the Digul River. Six of the languages are sufficiently attested for a basic description; it is not clear how many of the additional names (in parentheses below) may be separate languages.

History

The Awyu (pronounced like English Ow you) and Awyu–Dumut families were identified by Peter Drabbe in the 1950s.

Voorhoeve included them in his proposed Central and South New Guinea group.[2] As part of Central and South New Guinea, they form part of the original proposal for Trans–New Guinea.[3]

Classification

The classification below is based on Usher[4] and de Vries et al. (2012),[5] who used morphological innovations to determine relatedness, which can be obscured by lexical loanwords.

Sawi is classified on pronominal data, as the morphological data used for the rest of the family is not available.

Pawley and Hammarström (2018) exclude Awbono-Bayono, treating it as a separate family.[6]

Various other languages can be found in the literature. Airo-Sumaxage (Airo-Sumaghage)[7] is listed in Wurm, Foley, etc., but not in the University of Amsterdam survey and has been dropped by Ethnologue. Ethnologue lists a 'Central Awyu', but this is not attested as a distinct language (U. Amsterdam). In general, the names in Ethnologue are quite confused, and older editions speak of names from Wurm (1982), such as Mapi, Kia, Upper Digul, Upper Kaeme, which are names of language surveys along the rivers of those names, and may actually refer to Ok languages rather than to Awyu.

van den Heuvel & Fedden (2014) argue that Greater Awyu and Greater Ok are not genetically related, but that their similarities are due to intensive contact.[8]

Reconstruction

Proto-Digul River
Reconstruction ofGreater Awyu languages
Reconstructed
ancestors

Phonemes

Usher (2020) reconstructs "perhaps" 15 consonants and 8 vowels, as follows:[9]

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar
plain labialized
Nasal *m *n
Plosive plain *p *t *k *kʷ
prenasalized *ᵐb *ⁿd *ⁿdz *ᵑɡ *ᵑɡʷ
Fricative *s
Semivowel *w *j
Rhotic *ɾ
Front Central Back
Close *i *u
Close-mid *e *o
Open-mid *ɛ *ɔ
Open *a *ɒ

Pronouns

Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:[9]

sg pl
1 *nup
2 *ngup *ngip
3

Ross (2005) reconstructs the pronouns of the Awyu–Dumut branch as follows:

sg pl
1 *nu-p *na-gu-p
2 *gu-p *ga-gu-p
3 *e-p, *[n]ege-p, *yu-p *ya-gu-p

The suffix *-p and the change of the final TNG *a vowel to *u do not appear in the possessive pronouns: *na, *ga, *ya/wa, *na-ga, *ga-ga, *ya-ga.

Basic vocabulary

Healey (1970) and Voorhoeve (2000)

The following selected reconstructions of Proto-Awyu-Dumut, Proto-Awyu, and Proto-Dumut by Voorhoeve are from Healey (1970)[10] and Voorhoeve (2000),[11] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[12]

gloss Proto-Awyu-Dumut Proto-Awyu Proto-Dumut
head *kɑibɑn; *xaiban *xaiban; *xɑibɑn *kɑbiɑn; *kebian
hair *möxö; *muk; *ron *mox; *mux; *ron *mökö-ron; *muk; *ron
ear *turun *turun *turutop; *turu=top
eye *kerop *kero *kerop
nose *togut *togut
tongue *fɔgat; *fɔgɛt; *pogɑt *fagɛ; *fɑge *ogat; *pɑgɑt
louse *gut *go; *gu; *ɑgu *gut
dog *angay; *ɑgɑi; *set *sɛ; *(y)ange; *(y)angi; *yɑgi *agay; *ɑgɑi; *tit
pig *wi *wi *uy
bird *yet *yi *yet
egg *wɑidin *mugo *wɑdin
blood *gom *gon *gom
bone *bogi *mit
skin *kɑt; *xa(t) *xɑ; *xa *kotay; *kɑtɑy
breast *ɑm; *om *om; **om *om; *ɔm
tree *yin *yin *in
woman *ran; *rɑn *ran; *rɑn *ran; *rɑn
sky **xuit *xuito *kut
sun *seyɑt *sɑt
moon *wɑkot *wɑkot
water *ox *ɔx; *óxo *ok
fire *yin *yin
stone *irop *ero; *iro *irop
name *füp; *pip *fi *fip; *üp
eat *ɑde; *en; *ɛn- *ɑde-; *en; *ɛn- *ɑde; *en; *en-
two *rumo; *rumon *okorumon; **ok=rumɔ(n) *irumon; *rumo

Usher (2020)

Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-Digul River and lower-level reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[9]

gloss Proto-Digul River Sawuy Proto-North Digul Proto-Central Digul
head *kamb[e̝]jan *kabe̝jan *kambijan
leaf/hair *mo̝k moːx *mo̝k *mo̝k
tongue *te̝p seːp ~ seɸ *te̝p
skin/bark *kat *kat
breast aːm *am *ɒm
dog *tit siːr *tit *tit
bird *ndzeːt eːr *dze̝t *je̝t
egg *mug[o/ɔ] mugo *mugɔ
sun/day *[a]tap ataːp
moon *wakɔɾ oxaːr *wakɔɾ *wakɔɾ
water aːx *[a/ɔ]k *ɔk

Evolution

See also: Kaeti language § Evolution

Greater Awyu reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[6]

Wambon language:

  • maŋgot ‘teeth, mouth’ < *maŋgat[a]
  • (Wambon S.) kodok ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)ndok[V]
  • mok ‘seed’ < *maŋgV
  • kotay ‘bark, skin’ < *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu
  • kondok ‘bone’ < *kwanjaC
  • kim- ‘die’ < *kumV-
  • kinum- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)-
  • ok ‘water, river’ < *okV
  • enop ‘fire’ < *kendop
  • (ko)sep ‘ashes’ < *(kambu-)sumbu
  • (Wambon N.) kumut ‘thunder’ < *kumut or *tumuk
  • ururuk ko- ‘to fly’ < *pululu

Mandobo Atas language:

  • am ‘breast’ < *amu
  • magot ‘mouth’ < *maŋgat[a]
  • koman ‘neck’ < *k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V]
  • (a)moka ‘cheek’ < *mVkVm ‘cheek, jaw’
  • kere(top) ‘ear’ < *kand(e,i)k(V]
  • betit ‘fingernail’ < *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C
  • kodok ‘foot, leg’ < *k(a,o)ndok[V]
  • otae ‘bark, skin’ < *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu
  • kiow ‘wind’ < *kumbutu
  • komöt ‘thunder’ < *kumut
  • üp ‘name’ < *imbi
  • kinum- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)-
  • (ko)tep ‘ashes’ < *(kambu-)sumbu
  • ok ‘water, river’ < *okV
  • apap ‘butterfly’ < *apa(pa)ta

Pisa language:

  • mugo ‘egg’ < *maŋgV, kiri
  • mogo ‘eye’ < *kiti-maŋgV
  • kifi ‘wind’ < *kumbutu
  • ise ‘mosquito’ < *kasin
  • apero ‘butterfly’ < *apa(pa)ta
  • kunu (ri-) ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)-
  • kekuŋ- ‘carry on the shoulder’ < *kak(i,u)-

Syiaxa language:

  • fi ‘name’ < *imbi
  • apa ‘butterfly’ < *apa([pa]pata
  • boro ‘to fly’ < *pululu

References

  1. ^ New Guinea World, Digul River – Ok
  2. ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. 1968. “The Central and South New Guinea Phylum: a report on the language situation in south New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics, Series A, No. 16: 1-17. Canberra: Australian National University.
  3. ^ McElhanon, Kenneth A.and C.L. Voorhoeve. 1970. The Trans-New Guinea phylum: explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. Pacific Linguistics, Series B, No. 16. Canberra: Australian National University.
  4. ^ New Guinea World - Digul River
  5. ^ Lourens de Vries, Ruth Wester, & Wilco van den Heuvel. 2012. "The Greater Awyu language family of West Papua", pp. 269–312 of Hammarström & van den Heuvel (eds.), History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages. (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue). Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.
  6. ^ a b Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  7. ^ Multitree qgz
  8. ^ van den Heuvel, W. & Fedden, S. (2014). Greater Awyu and Greater Ok: Inheritance or Contact? Oceanic Linguistics 53(1), 1-36. University of Hawai'i Press.
  9. ^ a b c New Guinea World
  10. ^ Healey, A. 1970. Proto-Awyu-Dumut Phonology. In Wurm, S.A. and Laycock, D. C. (eds). Pacific Linguistic Studies in honour of Arthur Capell. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
  11. ^ Voorhoeve, C. L. 2000. Proto Awyu-Dumut phonology II. In A. Pawley, M. Ross, & D. Tryon (Eds.), The Boy from Bundaberg: studies in Melanesian linguistics in honour of Tom Dutton (pp. 361–381). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
  12. ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  • Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.

Further reading

  • Proto-Awyu-Dumut. TransNewGuinea.org. From (1) Voorhoeve, C. L. 2000. Proto Awyu-Dumut phonology II. In A. Pawley, M. Ross, & D. Tryon (Eds.), The Boy from Bundaberg: studies in Melanesian linguistics in honour of Tom Dutton (pp. 361–381). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. ; (2) Healey, A. 1970. Proto-Awyu-Dumut Phonology. In Wurm, S.A. and Laycock, D. C. (eds). Pacific Linguistic Studies in honour of Arthur Capell. Pacific Linguistics: Canberra.
  • Proto-Awyu. TransNewGuinea.org. From (1) Voorhoeve, C. L. 2000. Proto Awyu-Dumut phonology II. In A. Pawley, M. Ross, & D. Tryon (Eds.), The Boy from Bundaberg: studies in Melanesian linguistics in honour of Tom Dutton (pp. 361–381). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. ; (2) Healey, A. 1970. Proto-Awyu-Dumut Phonology. In Wurm, S.A. and Laycock, D. C. (eds). Pacific Linguistic Studies in honour of Arthur Capell. Pacific Linguistics: Canberra.
  • Proto-Dumut. TransNewGuinea.org. From (1) Voorhoeve, C. L. 2000. Proto Awyu-Dumut phonology II. In A. Pawley, M. Ross, & D. Tryon (Eds.), The Boy from Bundaberg: studies in Melanesian linguistics in honour of Tom Dutton (pp. 361–381). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. ; (2) Healey, A. 1970. Proto-Awyu-Dumut Phonology. In Wurm, S.A. and Laycock, D. C. (eds). Pacific Linguistic Studies in honour of Arthur Capell. Pacific Linguistics: Canberra.

Read other articles:

Kejadian 2

Kejadian 2Kitab Kejadian lengkap pada Kodeks Leningrad, dibuat tahun 1008.KitabKitab KejadianKategoriTauratBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian LamaUrutan dalamKitab Kristen1← pasal 1 pasal 3 → Kejadian 2 (disingkat Kej 2) adalah pasal kedua Kitab Kejadian dalam Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen. Termasuk dalam kumpulan kitab Taurat yang disusun oleh Musa.[1] Pasal ini berisi kelanjutan kisah penciptaan dunia dalam 7 hari, yang dimulai dari Kejadian 1:1 dan...

 

Daftar musim Chelsea F.C.

Skuad utama pertama Chelsea pada September 1905 Ini adalah daftar semua musim yang dimainkan Chelsea Football Club pada kompetisi sepak bola di Inggris dan Internasional (Eropa dan dunia) sejak musim perdana pada 1905–1906 hingga musim terakhir yang telah rampung (2020–2021). Tabel berikut menampilkan catatan hasil dari setiap kompetisi utama yang diikuti serta pencetak gol terbanyak pada setiap musim. Pencetak gol terbanyak dengan cetak tebal menunjukkan juga sebagai pencetak gol terbany...

 

Puan Maharani

Puan MaharaniPotret resmi jabatan Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat ke-19PetahanaMulai menjabat 1 Oktober 2019Wakil Aziz Syamsuddin (2019–2021) Sufmi Dasco Ahmad Rachmat Gobel Muhaimin Iskandar Lodewijk Freidrich Paulus (sejak 2021) PendahuluBambang SoesatyoPenggantiPetahanaMenteri Koordinator Bidang Pembangunan Manusia dan Kebudayaan Indonesia ke-16Masa jabatan27 Oktober 2014 – 1 Oktober 2019PresidenJoko Widodo PendahuluAgung LaksonoPenggantiDarmin Nasution (pelaksana tu...

Deuxième circonscription des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

Deuxième circonscription des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Carte de la circonscription.Géographie Pays France Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Département Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Superficie 3 206,38 km2 Subdivisions Cantons 10 Communes 98 Représentation Député Léo Walter Législature XVIe (Cinquième République) Groupe parlementaire LFI Autres informations Population 81 381 hab. (2009) Densité 25 hab./km2 modifier La deuxième circonscription des Alpes-de-Haute-Prov...

 

Первородный грех

Об экономическом термине см. Первородный грех (экономика). ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Ран�...

 

Virginia State Route 40

State highway in southern Virginia, US For the former State Route 40, see Virginia State Route 40 (1923-1933). State Route 40Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength227.689 mi[1] (366.430 km)ExistedJuly 1, 1933[2]–presentTouristroutes Virginia BywayMajor junctionsWest end SR 8 at WoolwineMajor intersections US 220 in Rocky Mount US 29 near Gretna US 15 / US 360 near Keysville US 1 in McKenney I-85 near McKenney US&...

Alberto Zozaya

Argentine footballer and manager Alberto Zozaya Personal informationFull name Alberto Máximo ZozayaDate of birth 13 April 1908Place of birth Urdinarrain, ArgentinaDate of death 17 February 1981 (Aged 72)Place of death La Plata, ArgentinaPosition(s) StrikerSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1930–1939 Estudiantes 181 (144)1940 Racing Club 2 (0)1940 Bella Vista ? International career1933–1937 Argentina 9 (8)Managerial career1945–1949 Estudiantes de La Plata1952–1953 Benfica *Club domest...

 

Leri Khabelov

Georgian politician and wrestler Leri Khabelov Medal record Men's freestyle wrestling Olympic Games Representing  Unified Team 1992 Barcelona 100 kg Representing  Soviet Union 1988 Seoul 100 kg World Championships Representing  Soviet Union 1985 Budapest 100 kg 1987 Clermont-Ferrand 100 kg 1990 Tokyo 100 kg 1991 Varna 100 kg World Championships Representing  Russia 1993 Toronto 100 kg 1995 Atlanta 130 kg Leri Khabelov OLY (Georgian: ლერი ხაბელოვ�...

 

Rackety Rax

1932 film Rackety RaxDirected byAlfred L. WerkerWritten byJoel SayreLou BreslowBen MarksonWilliam M. ConselmanBradley KingMurray RothStarringVictor McLaglenGreta NissenNell O'DayCinematographyL. William O'ConnellEdited byRobert BischoffMusic byArthur LangeProductioncompanyFox Film CorporationDistributed byFox Film CorporationRelease date October 23, 1932 (1932-10-23) Running time70 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Rackety Rax is a 1932 American pre-Code comedy action ...

Quid pro quo

Antichristus,[1] sebuah cukil kayu karya Lucas Cranach si Tua, tentang Sri Paus yang memakai kekuasaan temporal untuk memberikan otoritas besar kepada seorang penguasa yang berkontribusi kepada Gereja Katolik Quid pro quo ('apa untuk apa' dalam bahasa Latin[2]) adalah sebuah frase Latin yang dipakai dalam bahasa Inggris untuk mengartikan pertukaran barang atau jasa, yang diberikan oleh suatu pihak kepada pihak lainnya. Frase-frase dengan pengartian serupa meliputi: beri dan am...

 

Alfred Margaine

Alfred MargaineFonctionDéputé françaisBiographieNaissance 18 janvier 1870Sainte-MenehouldDécès 17 avril 1953 (à 83 ans)Indre-et-Loire ou SedanNationalité françaiseActivité Homme politiqueAutres informationsParti politique Parti républicain, radical et radical-socialistemodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Alfred Margaine est un homme politique français né le 18 janvier 1870 à Sainte-Menehould (Marne) et mort le 17 avril 1953 à Rochecorbon (Indre-et-Loire). Biogra...

 

Chioccia con i pulcini

Questa voce sugli argomenti sculture e Longobardi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Chioccia con i pulciniAutoreAnonimo DataVI secolo MaterialeOro UbicazioneMuseo Serpero, Monza La Chioccia con i pulcini è un'opera di oreficeria longobarda risalente al V o al VI secolo. È conservata nel Museo del tesoro del duomo di Monza. Indice 1 Opera 2 Origine 3 Note 4 Bibliografia 5 Voci correlate 6 Altri progetti Opera L'opera, raffigurante una g...

USS Sturdy (PC-460)

Patrol vessel of the United States Navy For other ships with the same name, see USS Sturdy. History United States Orderedas Elda Laid down1930 Launched1930 Acquired4 September 1940 Commissioned16 October 1940 Decommissioned20 November 1944 Stricken27 November 1944 Fatefate unknown General characteristics Displacement330 tons Length154 ft (47 m) Beam24 ft (7.3 m) Draught8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) Speed17 knots USS Sturdy (PC-460/PYc-50) was a yacht converted to a pat...

 

Ellhofen

Ellhofencomune Ellhofen – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Germania Land Baden-Württemberg DistrettoStoccarda CircondarioHeilbronn TerritorioCoordinate49°09′N 9°19′E / 49.15°N 9.316667°E49.15; 9.316667 (Ellhofen)Coordinate: 49°09′N 9°19′E / 49.15°N 9.316667°E49.15; 9.316667 (Ellhofen) Altitudine189 m s.l.m. Superficie5,86 km² Abitanti3 393[1] (2006-09-30) Densità579,01 ab./km² Altre informazioniCod. post...

 

Rogério Ceni

Rogério Ceni Nazionalità  Brasile Altezza 188 cm Peso 85 kg Calcio Ruolo Allenatore (ex portiere) Squadra  Bahia Termine carriera 6 dicembre 2015 - giocatore CarrieraSquadre di club1 1989-1990 Sinop12 (-6)1990-2015 San Paolo575 (-645; 65)[1]Nazionale 1997-2006 Brasile16 (-11)[2]Carriera da allenatore 2016-2017 San Paolo2017-2019 Fortaleza2019 Cruzeiro2019-2020 Fortaleza2020-2021 Flamengo2021-2023 San Paolo2023- BahiaPal...

Groupe B de la Coupe du monde de football 2018

Action du match Portugal-Maroc, lors de la Coupe du monde de la FIFA 2018. Article principal : Coupe du monde de football 2018. Cet article est une ébauche concernant une compétition de football et l’Europe. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Groupe B de la Coupe du monde 2018 Généralités Sport Football Organisateur(s) FIFA Date du 15 au 25 juin 2018 Participants 4 équipes nationales Ép...

 

Tawarikh Ulster

Manuskrip Tawarikh Ulster 500–1000 Masehi Tawarikh Ulster (bahasa Irlandia: Annála Uladh) adalah sejarah Irlandia pada abad pertengahan. Isinya meliputi tahun-tahun dari 431 M sampai 1540 M. Entri sampai tahun 1489 M dikompilasikan pada akhir abad ke-15 oleh Ruaidhrí Ó Luinín, di bawah naungan Cathal Óg Mac Maghnusa di pulau Belle, Lough Erne, kerajaan Fermanagh. Entri berikutnya (sampai 1540 M) ditambahkan oleh orang lainnya.[1] Referensi ^ Koch, John T., ed. (2006). Celti...

 

中華民國國軍中的中共間諜列表

 本表是動態列表，或許永遠不會完結。歡迎您參考可靠來源來查漏補缺。 潛伏於中華民國國軍中的中共間諜列表收錄根據公開資料來源，曾潛伏於中華民國國軍、被中國共產黨聲稱或承認，或者遭中華民國政府調查審判，為中華人民共和國和中國人民解放軍進行間諜行為的人物。以下列表以現今可查知時間為準，正確的間諜活動或洩漏機密時間可能早於或晚於以下所歸�...

Brampton Excelsiors Jr. A

Brampton ExcelsiorsSportBox lacrosseFounded1883LeagueOLA Junior A Lacrosse LeagueBased inBrampton, OntarioArenaMemorial ArenaColoursMaroon, Yellow, and WhiteHead coachMike HassenGeneral managerDoug ArthurHistory Brampton Excelsiors 19xx - 1961 Brampton ABC's 1962 - 1967 Bramalea Excelsiors 1968 - 1976 Brampton Excelsiors 1977 to Present The Brampton Excelsiors are Junior A box lacrosse team from Brampton, Ontario, Canada. The Excelsiors play in the OLA Junior A Lacrosse League. History 2012 S...

 

Fort Boise

New Fort Boise, 2018 Fort Boise is either of two different locations in the Western United States, both in southwestern Idaho. The first was a Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) trading post near the Snake River on what is now the Oregon border (in present-day Canyon County, Idaho), dating from the era when Idaho was included in the British fur company's Columbia District. After several rebuilds, the fort was ultimately abandoned in 1854, after it had become part of United States territory following ...