Floresta Formation

Floresta Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Emsian-Early Givetian
~400–387 Ma
Platyceras nodosum from the Floresta Formation
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesCuche Formation
OverliesEl Tíbet Formation
Thicknessup to 600 m (2,000 ft)
Lithology
PrimarySiltstone
OtherShale, coquina, sandstone
Location
Coordinates5°51′37.2″N 72°56′57.6″W / 5.860333°N 72.949333°W / 5.860333; -72.949333
RegionAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country Colombia
Type section
Named forFloresta
Named byOlsson & Carter
LocationFloresta
Year defined1939
Coordinates5°51′37.2″N 72°56′57.6″W / 5.860333°N 72.949333°W / 5.860333; -72.949333
Approximate paleocoordinates51°42′S 48°06′W / 51.7°S 48.1°W / -51.7; -48.1
RegionBoyacá
Country Colombia
Thickness at type section600 m (2,000 ft)

Paleogeography of the Middle Devonian
380 Ma, by Stampfli & Borel

The Floresta Formation (Spanish: Formación Floresta, Df) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The sequence of siltstones, shales, coquinas and sandstone beds dates to the Devonian period; Late Emsian, Eifelian and Early Givetian epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 600 metres (2,000 ft). The unit is highly fossiliferous; brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, trilobites, corals and bivalves have been found in the Floresta Formation. Some fragments of Placoderm fish fossils were found in the Floresta Formation, while the overlying Cuche Formation is much richer in fish biodiversity.

Etymology

The formation was first described as Floresta Series by Olsson and Carter in 1939. The current definition was given by Botero in 1950. The formation is named after Floresta, Boyacá, where the formation outcrops.[1]

Description

Lithologies

The Floresta Formation is characterized by a lower sequence of shales and ochre to beige siltstones with alternating coquinas, while the upper part consists of siltstones with sandy beds.[2]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Floresta Formation overlies the El Tíbet Formation and is overlain by the Cuche Formation. The age has been estimated to be Late Emsian to Early Givetian.[3] Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Portachuelo Formation around Quetame.[4] The Onondaga Formation of New York is considered time equivalent too.[5] The formation contains concretions and a high diversity of fossils. The formation was deposited in a transgressional and regressional epicontinental marine environment at the edge of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.[6] The uppermost part of the formation has been deposited in a deltaic setting,[7] with the lower sequence formed in a coral reef environment.[8]

Fossil content

Remains of Barroisella sp.,[9] ?Tarutiglossa sp.,[10] Dipleura cf. dekayi, Dechenella boteroi,[11] Mannopyge sp., Cordania gasepiou, Viaphacops cristata,[12] Anchiopsis armata,[13] Synphoria stemmata, Coronura cf. lessepsensis,[14] Greenops cf. grabaui,[15] Belenopyge contusa, Kettneraspis callicera,[16] Placoderm fishes,[17] Platyceras nodosum,[18] Acrospirifer olssoni, Anoplotheca cf. silvetii, Atrypa harrisi, Australospirifer cf. antarcticus, Aviculopecten wellsi, Brachyspirifer palmerae, Camarotoechia dotis, Chonetes cf. billingsi, C. comstockii, C. cf. stubeli, Chonostrophia knodi, Cyclotrypa boyaca, C. carribeana, C. dickeyi, C. reticulata, C. stellata, Cymostrophia dickeyi, C. schucherti, C. waringi, Cypricardinia cf. subindenta, Cyrtina hamiltonensis, Dalmanites cf. patacamayaensis, Dictyostrophia cooperi, Elytha colombiana, Eodevonaria imperialis, Favosites aff. hamiltonensis, Fenestrellina colombiana, F. olssoni, F. acuta, F. quadrata, F. harrisi, Fistulipora anomala, F. megalopora, Florestacanthus morenoi, Heliophyllum halli,[18] Intrapora fragilis, I. megalopora, Leiorhynchus mysia, Leptaena boyaca, Meganteris australis, Megastrophia hopkinsi, M. pygmaea, Meristella wheeleri, Nucleospira concinna, Odontopleura callicera, Pentagonia gemmisulcata, Phacops cf. salteri, Pholidops florestae, Platyostoma lineata, Pleurodictyum americanum, Polypora elegantula, P. granulifera, Prismopora inornata, Schellwienella goldringae, Semicoscinium colombiensis, S. minutum, Spinocyrtia cf. valenteana, Spinulicosta spinulicosta, Spirifer kingi, Strophonella floweri, S. meridionalis, Sulcoretepora olssoni, S. subramosa, Taeniopora florestae, Tropidoleptus carinatus, Unitrypa casteri, Acanthograptus sp., Actinopteria sp, Amphigenia sp., Anthozoa sp., Camarotoechia sp., Cryptonella sp., Cyphaspis sp., Cryphaeus sp., Dalmanites sp., Derbyina sp., Gastropoda sp., Grammysia sp., Homalonotus sp., Leptostrophia sp., Mediospirifer sp., Orthoceras sp., Ostracoda sp., Orthis sp., Paraspirifer sp., Proetus sp., Pterinea sp., Strophodonta sp., Thamnopora sp., and Vitulina sp. have been described from the Floresta Formation.[19] Colombianaspis carvalhoae gen. et sp. nov., Schizobolus pilasiensis sp. nov. and Tarijactinoides sp. nov.,[16] were newly described in 2015.[3]

Outcrops

Floresta Formation is located in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Floresta Formation
class=notpageimage|
Type locality of the Floresta Formation in the north of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The Floresta Formation is found at the Floresta Massif around its type locality in Floresta, Boyacá,[20] stretching to the south until between Busbanzá and Nobsa and to the west close to Belén, Cerinza and Tutazá.[21] The formation is also found in the upper course of the Chicamocha River in the eponymous canyon.

Many of the fossils are on display in the paleontological museum of Floresta.

Regional correlations

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma Age Paleomap Regional events Catatumbo Cordillera proximal Llanos distal Llanos Putumayo VSM Environments Maximum thickness Petroleum geology Notes
0.01 Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		 alluvium Overburden
1 Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		 Guayabo Soatá
Sabana		 Necesidad Guayabo Gigante
 Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) 550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		 [22][23][24][25]
2.6 Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		 Subachoque
5.3 Messinian Andean orogeny 3
Foreland		 Marichuela Caimán Honda [24][26]
13.5 Langhian Regional flooding León hiatus Caja León Lacustrine (León) 400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		 Seal [25][27]
16.2 Burdigalian Miocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		 C1 Carbonera C1 Ospina Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) 850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		 Reservoir [26][25]
17.3 C2 Carbonera C2 Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) Seal
19 C3 Carbonera C3 Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) Reservoir
21 Early Miocene Pebas wetlands C4 Carbonera C4 Barzalosa Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) Seal
23 Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		 C5 Carbonera C5 Orito Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) Reservoir [23][26]
25 C6 Carbonera C6 Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) Seal
28 Early Oligocene C7 C7 Pepino Gualanday Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) Reservoir [23][26][28]
32 Oligo-Eocene C8 Usme C8 onlap Marine-deltaic (C8) Seal
Source		 [28]
35 Late Eocene
Mirador Mirador Coastal (Mirador) 240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		 Reservoir [25][29]
40 Middle Eocene Regadera hiatus
45
50 Early Eocene
Socha Los Cuervos Deltaic (Los Cuervos) 260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		 Seal
Source		 [25][29]
55 Late Paleocene PETM
2000 ppm CO2		 Los Cuervos Bogotá Gualanday
60 Early Paleocene SALMA Barco Guaduas Barco Rumiyaco Fluvial (Barco) 225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		 Reservoir [22][23][26][25][30]
65 Maastrichtian
KT extinction Catatumbo Guadalupe Monserrate Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) 750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		 Reservoir [22][25]
72 Campanian End of rifting Colón-Mito Juan [25][31]
83 Santonian Villeta/Güagüaquí
86 Coniacian
89 Turonian Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event La Luna Chipaque Gachetá hiatus Restricted marine (all) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		 Source [22][25][32]
93 Cenomanian
Rift 2
100 Albian Une Une Caballos Deltaic (Une) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		 Reservoir [26][32]
113 Aptian
Capacho Fómeque Motema Yaví Open marine (Fómeque) 800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		 Source (Fóm) [23][25][33]
125 Barremian High biodiversity Aguardiente Paja Shallow to open marine (Paja) 940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		 Reservoir [22]
129 Hauterivian
Rift 1 Tibú-
Mercedes		 Las Juntas hiatus Deltaic (Las Juntas) 910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		 Reservoir (LJun) [22]
133 Valanginian Río Negro Cáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		 Restricted marine (Macanal) 2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		 Source (Mac) [23][34]
140 Berriasian Girón
145 Tithonian Break-up of Pangea Jordán Arcabuco Buenavista
 Saldaña Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) 110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		 "Jurassic" [26][35]
150 Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2 La Quinta
Noreán		 hiatus Coastal tuff (La Quinta) 100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		 [36]
201 Late Triassic
Mucuchachi Payandé [26]
235 Early Triassic
Pangea hiatus "Paleozoic"
250 Permian
300 Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogeny Cerro Neiva
()		 [37]
340 Early Carboniferous Fossil fish
Romer's gap		 Cuche
(355-385)		 Farallones
()		 Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) 900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360 Late Devonian
Passive margin 1 Río Cachirí
(360-419)		 Ambicá
()		 Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) 2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		 [34][38][39][40][41]
390 Early Devonian
High biodiversity Floresta
(387-400)
 Shallow marine (Floresta) 600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410 Late Silurian Silurian mystery
425 Early Silurian hiatus
440 Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in Bolivia San Pedro
(450-490)		 Duda
()
470 Early Ordovician First fossils Busbanzá
(>470±22)
 Guape
()		 Río Nevado
()		 [42][43][44]
488 Late Cambrian
Regional intrusions Chicamocha
(490-515)		 Quetame
()		 Ariarí
()		 SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		 San Isidro
()		 [45][46]
515 Early Cambrian Cambrian explosion [44][47]
542 Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodinia pre-Quetame post-Parguaza El Barro
()		 Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		 Basement [48][49]
600 Neoproterozoic Cariri Velhos orogeny Bucaramanga
(600-1400)		 pre-Guaviare [45]
800
Snowball Earth [50]
1000 Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogeny Ariarí
(1000)		 La Urraca
(1030-1100)		 [51][52][53][54]
1300 Rondônia-Juruá orogeny pre-Ariarí Parguaza
(1300-1400)		 Garzón
(1180-1550)		 [55]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga [56]
1600 Paleoproterozoic Maimachi
(1500-1700)		 pre-Garzón [57]
1800
Tapajós orogeny Mitú
(1800)		 [55][57]
1950 Transamazonic orogeny pre-Mitú [55]
2200 Columbia
2530 Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny [55]
3100 Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]


See also

Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Notes

  1. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[58], García González et al. (2009),[59] and geological report of Villavicencio[60]
  2. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[58] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[61]

References

  1. ^ Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, p.64
  2. ^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.332
  3. ^ a b Morzadec et al., 2015, p.355
  4. ^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.331
  5. ^ Giroud López, 2014, p.168
  6. ^ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.6
  7. ^ Giroud López, 2014, p.169
  8. ^ Giroud López, 2014, p.170
  9. ^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.335
  10. ^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.336
  11. ^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.340
  12. ^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.342
  13. ^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.344
  14. ^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.346
  15. ^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.348
  16. ^ a b Morzadec et al., 2015, p.352
  17. ^ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.9
  18. ^ a b Giroud López, 2014, p.39
  19. ^ Floresta at Fossilworks.org
  20. ^ Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, p.70
  21. ^ Plancha 172, 1998
  22. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
  23. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
  24. ^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  27. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  28. ^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  29. ^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  30. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  31. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  32. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  33. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  34. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  35. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  36. ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  37. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  38. ^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  39. ^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  40. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  41. ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  42. ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  43. ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  44. ^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  45. ^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  46. ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  47. ^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  48. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  49. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  50. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  51. ^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  52. ^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  53. ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  54. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  55. ^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  56. ^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  57. ^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  58. ^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
  59. ^ García González et al., 2009
  60. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  61. ^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

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Grand Prix F1 Belgia 2017

Grand Prix Belgia 2017 Lomba ke-12 dari 20 dalam Formula Satu musim 2017← Lomba sebelumnyaLomba berikutnya → Tata letak sirkuit Spa-Francorchamps.Detail perlombaan[1]Tanggal 27 Agustus 2017Nama resmi 2017 Formula 1 Pirelli Belgian Grand Prix[2][3]Lokasi Sirkuit Spa-FrancorchampsStavelot, BelgiaSirkuit Fasilitas balapan permanenPanjang sirkuit 7.004 km (4.352 mi)Jarak tempuh 44 putaran, 308.052 km (191.415 mi)Cuaca Sebagian berawan dan keringPeno...

Seni lukis Rajput

Krishna dan Radha muncul dalam visi spiritual Raja Balwant Singh, lukisan abad ke-18 karya Nainsukh Radha, abad ke-18 menunjukkan karakter seni lukis RajasthanMewar, ca. 1813 Seni lukis Rajput, juga disebut sebagai Seni lukis Rajasthan, berevolusi dan berkembang didalam Istana Kekaisaran Rajputana di India. Setiap kerajaan Rajputana mengembangkan gaya yang berbeda, namun dengan ciri khas umum yang sama. Lukisan Rajput menggambarkan sejumlah tema dan peristiwa yang biasanya diambil dari epos H...

 

USS Saratoga (CV-3)

Pour les autres navires du même nom, voir USS Saratoga. USS Saratoga L'USS Saratoga (CV-3) en 1935 Type Porte-avions Classe Lexington Histoire A servi dans  United States Navy Chantier naval New York Shipbuilding Corporation Quille posée 25 septembre 1920 Lancement 7 avril 1925 Armé 16 novembre 1927 Statut Coulé lors d'un essai nucléaire le 25 juillet 1946 Équipage Équipage 2122 Caractéristiques techniques Longueur 259,1 m (flottaison), 268,2 m (hors-tout) Maître-bau 32,3 m Tir...