Fossils of Cebupithecia were discovered in the "Monkey Beds" of the Honda Group, that has been dated to the Laventan, about 13.5 million years ago. Cebupithecia had a dental formula of 2:1:3:3 on the lower jaw. The incisors of this species were procumbant, suggesting a close relation to Pithecia.[3] and the canines had a stout appearance. The molars were flat with cusps having little contours.[2]Cebupithecia had an estimated average body mass around 1,602 g (3.532 lb).[4]Cebupithecia had a relatively longer talar neck and a higher, more squared-shaped talar body. In these features, Cebupithecia is more like cebines or aotins than pitheciines, but its overall pattern is unlike any living platyrrhine group or any of the known fossils.[5]
Movement
Cebupithecia also exhibits a relatively large medial protuberance, which is smoothed, another resemblance to aotins. The significance of these characteristics is difficult to interpret. Cebupithecia may be the most primitive known pitheciine, retaining shared primitive resemblances with aotins and cebines. Alternatively, its unusual morphology could reflect a unique, derived (for pitheciines) locomotor pattern. The talar features that distinguish Cebupithecia from other pitheciines indicate that leaping was relatively more frequent, as is also indicated by other postcranial features. The locomotor behavior of Cebupithecia has been reconstructed as frequent quadrupedalism and leaping,[5] or more relying on vertical clinging and leaping rather than quadrupedal locomotion, much like members of the extant genus Pithecia, to which the genus is related.[2][6]
Later research suggests that Cebupithecia may have employed its tail differently from most nonprehensile-tailed platyrrhines living today, behaviors that
possibly involved tail-bracing or twisting during hindlimb (pedal grasping) suspensory behaviors. Such behaviors may serve as a preadaptive model for the full-fledged evolution of below-branch tail suspension and prehensility seen in other New World primates.[7]
The evolutionary split between Pitheciidae, of which Cebupithecia, and Callicebus, including Miocallicebus, also found in the Honda Group, has been placed at 15.2 million years ago.[8]
