Eight-day week

Some historical calendars had "weeks" consisting of eight days.

Burma

In the Burmese version of Theravada Buddhism, the week has eight days. Wednesday is divided into Wednesday proper (midnight to noon) and Rahu (noon to midnight). Each day is associated with a compass direction, a planet, and a totem animal.

Nundinum

The ancient Etruscans developed an eight-day market week known as the nundinum around the 8th or 7th century BC. This was passed on to the Romans no later than the 6th century BC. As Rome expanded, it encountered the seven-day week and for a time attempted to include both. The popularity of the seven-day rhythm won, and the eight-day week disappeared.

The cycle of seven days – named for the sun, the moon, and the five planets visible to the naked eye – was already customary in the time of Justin Martyr, who wrote of the Christians meeting on the Day of the Sun (Sunday).^[1]

Emperor Constantine eventually established the seven-day week in the Roman calendar in AD 321.^[2]

Celtic calendar

The Celts used periods of darkness such as night and winter to begin their calculations of time. This meant that the first period of time in a "week" was a night, followed by a day. Further, they also counted the ending night period, giving rise to periods of time with more nights than days. In Old Irish, the term nómad is used to signify a number of days. The usage of the term varies and there are different theories about the length of time involved, but they all involve nine periods of some kind, e.g. nine days & nights; 9 × 8 hours = 72 hours = 3 days & nights; 9 × 9 hours ~ 3½ days; 9 × 12 hours = 4½ days.^[3]^[4] Joseph Loth noted the frequency of the expression co cend nomaide (“to the end of a nómad”) in the literature—sometimes replaced by nóilaíthe (“nine days”)—and how the division fitted neatly into a sidereal month of 27 nights.^[4] In Welsh, the word for "week" is wythnos which literally means "eight-nights" since it was historically considered that a week started and ended with a period of night bracketing seven days. Similarly the word for "fortnight", pythefnos, literally means "fifteen-nights".^[5]^[6] The Irish word for "fortnight", coicís, also relates to the number fifteen.

References

^ Apology, chapter LXVII
^ Zerubavel, Eviatar (1989). The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226981659.
^ Toner, G.; Ní Mhaonaigh, M.; Arbuthnot, S.; Wodtko, D.; Theuerkauf, M.-L., eds. (2019). "nómad". eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
^ ^a ^b Loth, Joseph (1904). "L'année celtique: d'après les textes irlandais, gallois, brétons et le calendrier de Coligny". Revue Celtique. 25: 220.
^ Rhys, Sir John (1892). Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by Celtic Heathendom. London: Williams and Norgate. pp. 360–382. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
^ Rhys, Sir John; Jones, Sir David Brynmor (1900). The Welsh People: Chapters on their origin, history, laws, language, literature, and characteristics. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 220. Retrieved 2022-05-20.

Calendars

Systems

In wide use

In more
limited use

Akan Armenian Assamese (Bhāshkarābda) Assyrian Baháʼí Badí‘ Bali Pawukon Saka Bengali Bangladeshi Berber Borana Burmese Chinese Earthly Branches Heavenly Stems Minguo Solar term Germanic heathen Georgian Hebrew Hindu Vikram Samvat Saka Hmong Igbo Iranian Jalali medieval Zoroastrian Irish Gaelic Islamic Fasli Tabular Jain Japanese Javanese Korean Juche Kurdish Lithuanian Maithili Malayalam Mandaean Manipuri (Meitei) Melanau Mizo (Lushai) Mongolian Nepal Nepal Sambat Vikram Samvat Yele Sambat Nisg̱a'a Odia Punjabi Nanakshahi Romanian Shona Somali Sesotho Slavic Slavic Native Faith Macedonian Tamil Thai lunar solar Tibetan Tripuri Tulu Vietnamese Wicca Xhosa Yoruba Zulu
Types	Runic Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar round
Christian variants	Coptic Ethiopian and Eritrean Julian Revised Liturgical year Eastern Orthodox Saints

Historical

By specialty

Holocene
- anthropological
Proleptic Gregorian / Proleptic Julian
- historiographical
Darian
- Martian
Dreamspell
- New Age
Discordian
'Pataphysical

Reform proposals

Displays and
applications

Year naming
and numbering

Terminology	Era Epoch Leap year New Year Regnal name Regnal year Year zero
Systems	Ab urbe condita Anka year Anno Domini/Common Era Anno Lucis Anno Martyrum Anno Mundi Assyrian Before Present Chinese Imperial Chinese Minguo English and British regnal year Hijri year Human (Holocene) Japanese Korean Nirayana system Seleucid Spanish Yugas Satya Treta Dvapara Kali Vietnamese

Fictional

Time

Key concepts

Measurement
and standards

Chronometry	UTC UT TAI Unit of time Orders of magnitude (time)
Measurement systems	Italian six-hour clock Thai six-hour clock 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Relative hour Daylight saving time Chinese Decimal Hexadecimal Hindu Metric Roman Sidereal Solar Time zone
Calendars	Main types Solar Lunar Lunisolar Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Solar Hijri Chinese Hindu Panchang Maya List
Clocks	Main types astronomical astrarium atomic quantum hourglass marine sundial watch mechanical stopwatch water-based Cuckoo clock Digital clock Grandfather clock History Timeline

Philosophy of time

Human experience
and use of time

Time in science

Geology	Geological time age chron eon epoch era period Geochronology Geological history of Earth
Physics	Absolute space and time Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Instant Proper time Spacetime Theory of relativity Time domain Time translation symmetry Time reversal symmetry
Other fields	Chronological dating Chronobiology Circadian rhythms Clock reaction Glottochronology Time geography

v t e Time measurement and standards
Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology
International standards	Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31-1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line IERS Reference Meridian Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian
Obsolete standards	Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian
Time in physics	Absolute space and time Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time-translation symmetry T-symmetry
Horology	Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch stopwatch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema
Calendar	Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Holocene Islamic (lunar Hijri) Julian Solar Hijri Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Intercalation Julian day Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names
Archaeology and geology	Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy
Astronomical chronology	Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time
Other units of time	Instant Flick Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium
Related topics	Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Decimal time Metric time System time Time metrology Time value of money Timekeeper

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