Early modern literature

The history of literature of the early modern period (16th, 17th and partly 18th century literature), or early modern literature, succeeds Medieval literature, and in Europe in particular Renaissance literature.

In Europe, the Early Modern period lasts roughly from 1550 to 1750, spanning the Baroque period and ending with the Age of Enlightenment and the wars of the French Revolution. The Early Modern period in Persia corresponds to the rule of the Safavid dynasty. In Japan, the "Early Modern period" (Edo period) is taken to last down to 1868 (the beginning of Industrialization during the Meiji period). In India, the Mughal era lasts until the establishment of the British Raj in 1857. The Ottoman Empire underwent various attempts of modernization from 1828 (Tanzimat).

Chinese literature of the Qing dynasty remains mostly unaffected by European influence, and effects of modernization that would lead up to the New Culture Movement became apparent only from the Late Qing period in the 1890s.

Europe

A new spirit of science and investigation in Europe was part of a general upheaval in human understanding, which began with the discovery of the New World in 1492 and continues through the subsequent centuries, even up to the present day.

The form of writing now commonplace across the world—the novel—originated from the early modern period and grew in popularity in the next century. Before the modern novel became established as a form there first had to be a transitional stage when "novelty" began to appear in the style of the epic poem.

Plays for entertainment (as opposed to religious enlightenment) returned to Europe's stages in the early modern period. William Shakespeare is the most notable of the early modern playwrighters, but numerous others made important contributions, including Pierre Corneille, Molière, Jean Racine, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Lope de Vega and Christopher Marlowe. From the 16th to the 18th century commedia dell'arte performers improvised in the streets of Italy and France. Some Commedia dell'arte plays were written down. Both the written plays and the improvisation were influential upon literature of the time, particularly upon the work of Molière. Shakespeare drew upon the arts of jesters and strolling players in creating new style comedies. All the parts, even the female ones, were played by men (en travesti) but that would change, first in France and then in England too, by the end of the 17th century.

The earliest work considered an opera in the sense the work is usually understood dates from around 1597. It is Dafne, (now lost) written by Jacopo Peri for an elite circle of literate Florentine humanists who gathered as the "Camerata".

Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote de la Mancha has been called "the first novel" by many literary scholars (or the first of the modern European novels). It was published in two parts. The first part was published in 1605 and the second in 1615. It might be viewed as a parody of Le Morte d'Arthur (and other examples of the chivalric romance), in that the novel form would be the direct result of poking fun at a collection of heroic folk legends. This is fully in keeping with the spirit of the age of enlightenment which began from about this time and delighted in giving a satirical twist to the stories and ideas of the past. This trend toward satirising previous writings was only made possible by the printing press. Without the invention of mass-produced copies of a book it would not be possible to assume the reader will have seen the earlier work and will thus understand the references within the text. In the 18th century Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift wrote famous novels.

The 16th century saw outstanding epic poems of Torquato Tasso and Luís de Camões. Later the most well-known poets were Juana Inés de la Cruz, John Milton and Alexander Pope. In turn Jean de La Fontaine and Charles Perrault are appreciated for their fables.

Ottoman Empire

The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and prose. Of the two, poetry—specifically, Divan poetry—was by far the dominant stream. Moreover, until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction; that is, there were no counterparts to, for instance, the European romance, short story, or novel (though analogous genres did, to some extent, exist in both the Turkish folk tradition and in Divan poetry).

Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd)—were more or less prescribed.

Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose never managed to develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec' (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose,[1] a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a sentence, there must be a rhyme.

Nevertheless, there was a tradition of prose in the literature of the time. This tradition was exclusively nonfictional in nature—the fiction tradition was limited to narrative poetry.[2]

Persia

Regarding the tradition of Persian love poetry during the Safavid era, Persian historian Ehsan Yarshater notes, "As a rule, the beloved is not a woman, but a young man. In the early centuries of Islam, the raids into Central Asia produced many young slaves. Slaves were also bought or received as gifts. They were made to serve as pages at court or in the households of the affluent, or as soldiers and bodyguards. Young men, slaves or not, also, served wine at banquets and receptions, and the more gifted among them could play music and maintain a cultivated conversation. It was love toward young pages, soldiers, or novices in trades and professions which was the subject of lyrical introductions to panegyrics from the beginning of Persian poetry, and of the ghazal."[3]

After the 15th century, the Indian style of Persian poetry (sometimes also called Isfahani or Safavi styles) took over. This style has its roots in the Timurid era and produced the likes of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, and Bhai Nand Lal Goya.

India

Classical Sanskrit literature went into decline in the High Middle Ages, to the benefit of Middle Indic vernaculars such as Old Hindi, notably in use for Late Medieval Bhakti poetry. The Mughal era sees the development of various literary dialects such as Dakkhini or Urdu, the latter showing heavy Persian influence. The earliest examples of Khariboli can be seen in some of Kabir and Amir Khusro's lines. More developed forms of Khariboli can be seen in some mediocre literature produced in early 18th century. Examples are Chand Chhand Varnan Ki Mahima by Gangabhatt, Yogavashishtha by Ramprasad Niranjani, Gora-Badal ki katha by Jatmal, Mandovar ka varnan by Anonymous, a translation of Ravishenacharya's Jain Padmapuran by Daulatram (dated 1824).

China

Japan

Literature during the largely peaceful Edo Period, in large part to the rise of the working and middle classes in the new capital of Edo (modern Tokyo), developed forms of popular drama which would later evolve into kabuki. The joruri and kabuki dramatist Chikamatsu Monzaemon became popular at the end of the 17th century. Matsuo Bashō wrote Oku no Hosomichi (奥の細道, 1702), a travel diary. Hokusai, perhaps Japan's most famous woodblock print artist, also illustrated fiction as well as his famous 36 Views of Mount Fuji.

Many genres of literature made their début during the Edo Period, helped by a rising literacy rate among the growing population of townspeople, as well as the development of lending libraries. Although there was a minor Western influence trickling into the country from the Dutch settlement at Nagasaki, it was the importation of Chinese vernacular fiction that proved the greatest outside influence on the development of Early Modern Japanese fiction. Ihara Saikaku might be said to have given birth to the modern consciousness of the novel in Japan, mixing vernacular dialogue into his humorous and cautionary tales of the pleasure quarters. Jippensha Ikku wrote Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige, which is a mix of travelogue and comedy. Tsuga Teisho, Takebe Ayatari, and Okajima Kanzan were instrumental in developing the yomihon, which were historical romances almost entirely in prose, influenced by Chinese vernacular novels such as Three Kingdoms and Shui hu zhuan. Two yomihon masterpieces were written by Ueda Akinari: Ugetsu monogatari and Harusame monogatari.

See also

References

  1. ^ Belge, 389
  2. ^ One apparent exception was the Muhayyelât (مخيّلات "Fancies") of Ali Aziz Efendi of Crete, a collection of stories of the fantastic that was written in 1796, though not published until 1867.
  3. ^ Yar-Shater, Ehsan. 1986. Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods, Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.973-974. 1986

Read other articles:

Gunung Hijiri (聖岳 Hijiri-dake) adalah gunung yang terletak di Pegunungan Akaishi berada di perbatasan Aoi-ku, Prefektur Shizuoka dan Iida, Prefektur Nagano, di wilayah Chūbu di Jepang. Gunung ini memiliki ketinggian 3.013 m (9.885 kaki) dan merupakan bagian dari Pegunungan Akaishi.[1] Gunung ini saat ini berada di area Taman Nasional Pegunungan Minami yang terletak di paling selatan.[2] Gunung ini juga termasuk dalam daftar 100 Gunung Jepang Terkenal. Ada beberapa jalur p...

 

 

Strada statale 274Salentina MeridionaleLocalizzazioneStato Italia Regioni Puglia DatiClassificazioneStrada statale InizioGallipoli FineSS 275 presso Santa Maria di Leuca Lunghezza42,000[1] km Provvedimento di istituzioneD.M. 16/11/1959 - G.U. 41 del 18/02/1960[2] GestoreANAS Manuale La strada statale 274 Salentina Meridionale (SS 274), una volta nota come Salentina di Patù, è una strada statale italiana che collega Gallipoli con l'estremità meridionale del Salento...

 

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Electric guitar design – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Electric guitar design is a type of industrial design where the looks and efficiency of the shape as well as the acoustical asp...

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Kampala (disambiguasi). KampalaKampalaKampalaLokasi Kampala Tampilkan peta KampalaKampalaLokasi Kampala di UgandaTampilkan peta UgandaKampalaLokasi di AfrikaTampilkan peta AfrikaKoordinat: 00°18′49″N 32°34′52″E / 0.31361°N 32.58111°E / 0.31361; 32.58111Koordinat: 00°18′49″N 32°34′52″E / 0.31361°N 32.58111°E / 0.31361; 32.58111Negara UgandaDistrikDistrik KampalaLuas • Total189...

 

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Under the Skin video game – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2004 video gameUnder the SkinNorth American box artDeveloper(s)Capcom Production Studio 4Publisher(s)CapcomDirector...

 

 

Municipality in Cavite, Philippines This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Alfonso, Cavite – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Municipality in Calabarzon, PhilippinesAlfonsoMunicipalityMunicipality of AlfonsoDowntown area ...

Operazione Deliberate Forceparte della guerra in Bosnia ed ErzegovinaData30 agosto - 20 settembre 1995 LuogoBosnia CausaMassacri di Markale EsitoVittoria della NATO Modifiche territorialiAccordo di Dayton Schieramenti Repubblica Serba NATO Bosnia ed Erzegovina Comandanti Ratko Mladić Leighton W. Smith, Jr. Rasim Delic Perdite338 bersagli differenti colpiti, quasi tutti distrutti25–27 soldati morti[1] 1 aereo Mirage 2000N abbattuto 2 piloti catturati 27 civili serbo b...

 

 

追晉陸軍二級上將趙家驤將軍个人资料出生1910年 大清河南省衛輝府汲縣逝世1958年8月23日(1958歲—08—23)(47—48歲) † 中華民國福建省金門縣国籍 中華民國政党 中國國民黨获奖 青天白日勳章(追贈)军事背景效忠 中華民國服役 國民革命軍 中華民國陸軍服役时间1924年-1958年军衔 二級上將 (追晉)部队四十七師指挥東北剿匪總司令部參謀長陸軍�...

 

 

Jocoque Jocoque or jocoqui is a Mexican dairy product based on fermented milk, from uncertain origins, influenced by Lebanese cuisine. Characteristics Jocoque is a food produced from a milk base which, in its most artisanal form, is obtained by leaving milk in a clay vessel near a heat source, such as a chimney, stove or fire, which would give it a different consistency, since it would spontaneously undergo a type of curdling. However, currently its production calls for the use of pasteurized...

This article is about the national park. For the peninsula, see Mornington Peninsula. Protected area in Victoria, AustraliaMornington Peninsula National ParkVictoriaIUCN category II (national park) Elephant Rock, one of the park's landmarks.Mornington Peninsula National ParkNearest town or cityMelbourneCoordinates38°30′08″S 144°53′18″E / 38.50222°S 144.88833°E / -38.50222; 144.88833Established 1 December 1975 (1975-12-01)(as Cape Schanck Coas...

 

 

Era in the history of Lutheranism (1580–1730) For the Eastern Christian reformation movement, see Protestant Eastern Christianity.For the branch of Lutheranism based in the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church, see Eastern Lutheranism.Part of a series onLutheranism Background Christianity Start of the Reformation Reformation Protestantism Doctrine and theology Bible Old Testament New Testament Creeds Apostles' Creed Nicene Creed Athanasian Creed Book of Concord Augsburg Confession ...

 

 

County in Oregon, United States County in OregonDouglas CountyCountyDouglas County Courthouse in RoseburgLocation within the U.S. state of OregonOregon's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 43°17′N 123°11′W / 43.29°N 123.18°W / 43.29; -123.18Country United StatesState OregonFoundedJanuary 7, 1852Named forStephen A. DouglasSeatRoseburgLargest cityRoseburgArea • Total5,134 sq mi (13,300 km2) • Land5,036 sq...

Portuguese materials conglomerate For the water company in Bolivia, see Semapa (Bolivia). Semapa - Sociedade de Investimento e Gestão, SGPS, S.A.Company typePublic (Sociedade Anónima)Traded asEuronext Lisbon: SEMISINPTSEM0AM0004IndustryConglomerateFounded1991HeadquartersLisbon, PortugalKey peoplePedro Queiroz Pereira (Chairman and CEO)Revenue€1.381 billion (2010)[1]Operating income€282.8 million (2010)[1]Net income€126.7 million (2010)[1]Total assets€3.5...

 

 

Ismaël Koné Nazionalità  Canada Altezza 188 cm Calcio Ruolo Centrocampista Squadra  Watford CarrieraGiovanili 2021 CF MontréalSquadre di club1 2021-2022 CF Montréal28 (3)2023- Watford55 (4)Nazionale 2022- Canada17 (2)Palmarès  CONCACAF Nations League Argento USA 2022-2023 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, per le sole partite di campionato.Il simbolo → indica un trasferimento in prestito. Statistiche aggiornate al 9 marzo 2024 Mod...

 

 

Private primary and secondary school in Calle , Medellín, Antioquia, ColombiaSt. Ignatius Loyola School, MedellinSpanish: San Ignacio de LoyolaLocationCalle 48, #68-98, Medellín, AntioquiaColombiaCoordinates6°15′18″N 75°35′13″W / 6.25500°N 75.58694°W / 6.25500; -75.58694InformationTypePrivate primary and secondary schoolReligious affiliation(s)CatholicismDenominationJesuitPatron saint(s)Ignatius LoyolaEstablished1885; 139 years ago (1885...

本條目存在以下問題,請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要編修,以確保文法、用詞、语气、格式、標點等使用恰当。 (2013年8月6日)請按照校對指引,幫助编辑這個條目。(幫助、討論) 此條目剧情、虛構用語或人物介紹过长过细,需清理无关故事主轴的细节、用語和角色介紹。 (2020年10月6日)劇情、用語和人物介紹都只是用於了解故事主軸,輔助�...

 

 

Scottish Labour politician (1945–2020) The Right HonourableThe Lord O'Neill of ClackmannanOfficial portrait, 2018Chair of the Trade and Industry Select CommitteeIn office27 November 1995 – 11 April 2005Preceded byRichard CabornSucceeded byPeter LuffShadow Secretary of State for DefenceIn office14 June 1988 – 18 July 1992LeaderNeil KinnockPreceded byDenzil DaviesSucceeded byDavid ClarkMember of the House of LordsLord TemporalIn office14 June 2005 – 26 Au...

 

 

10th-century empress of the Holy Roman Empire and saint of the Catholic Church Saint Adelaide redirects here. For another Saint Adelaide, see Adelaide, Abbess of Vilich. SaintSt. Adelaide of ItalyHoly Roman EmpressBorn931Orbe, Upper BurgundyDied16 December 999 (aged 68)Seltz, AlsaceVenerated inCatholic ChurchEastern Orthodox ChurchCanonized1097 by Pope Urban II[1] (Catholicism)Feast16 DecemberAttributesEmpress dispensing alms and food to the poor, often beside a shipPatronageAbus...

Mario Sampirisi Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Mario SampirisiTanggal lahir 31 Oktober 1992 (umur 31)Tempat lahir Caltagirone, ItaliaTinggi 188 cm (6 ft 2 in)[1]Posisi bermain Bek sisiInformasi klubKlub saat ini MonzaNomor 31Karier junior Aldini Bariviera2009–2011 MilanKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2011–2016 Genoa 24 (0)2013 → Chievo (pinjaman) 3 (0)2014 → Olhanense (pinjaman) 11 (0)2014–2016 → Vicenza (pinjaman) 76 (0)2016–2019 Crotone 54 (1)20...

 

 

L'energia elettrica è, nell'accezione più comune del termine, l'energia di una corrente elettrica. Più in generale nell'ambito della fisica l'energia elettrica è l'energia associata all'elettricità, in particolare si parla di energia potenziale elettrica quando ci si riferisce a quella posseduta da una distribuzione fissa di cariche.[1] L'energia elettrica è una fonte di energia secondaria ed è ricavata dai generatori elettrici attraverso la trasformazione delle fonti energ...