Dosa (food)

Dosa
Dosa with sambar and chutney
TypePancake, crepe
Place of originIndia
Region or stateSouthern India and Sri Lanka
Serving temperatureHot
Main ingredientsRice and black gram
VariationsMasala dosa, rava dosa, ghee roast dosa, podi dosa, paneer dosa, plain dosa, and many more

A dosa, dosey, dosai, dosha is a thin, savoury crepe in Indian cuisine made from a fermented batter of ground black gram and rice. Dosas are served hot, often with chutney and sambar (a lentil-based vegetable stew). Dosas are a common food in South India and North Sri Lanka.

History

Two dosa rest next to a dollop of butter on a plantain leaf: The sauces have separate bowks.
Plain dosas with condiments
Butter dosa served with coconut chutney and sambhar

The dosa originated in South India, but its precise geographical origins are unknown. According to food historian K. T. Achaya, references in the Sangam literature suggest that dosa was already in use in the ancient Tamil country around the first century CE.[1] However, according to historian P. Thankappan Nair, dosa originated in the town of Udupi in present-day Karnataka.[2] Achaya states that the earliest written mention of dosa appears in the eighth-century literature of present-day Tamil Nadu, while the earliest mention of dosa in Kannada literature appears a century later.[3]

In popular tradition outside of Southern India, the origin of the dosa is linked to Udupi, probably because of the dish's association with Udupi restaurants.[3] The Tamil dosa is traditionally softer and thicker; the thinner and crispier version of dosa was first made in present-day Karnataka.[4] A recipe for dosa can be found in Manasollasa, a 12th-century Sanskrit encyclopedia compiled by Someshvara III, who ruled from present-day Karnataka.[5]

The dosa arrived in Mumbai with the opening of Udupi restaurants in the 1930s.[6] After India's independence in 1947, South Indian cuisine became gradually popular in North India. In New Delhi, the Madras Hotel in Connaught Place became one of the first restaurants to serve South Indian cuisine.[7][8]

Dosas, like many other dishes of South Indian cuisine, were introduced in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) by South Indian emigrants during British rule.[9][10] Tirunelveli and Tuticorin merchants who settled there were instrumental in the spreading of South Indian cookery across the island by opening restaurants (vegetarian hotels) to meet initially the needs of the emigrant population.[11][12] Dosa has found its way into the culinary habits of the Sri Lankan people, where it has evolved into an island-specific version which is quite distinct from the Indian dosa. In both forms, it is called those (තෝසේ or [t̪oːse]) or thosai (தோசை or [t̪oːsaɪ̯]) in Sinhala and in Sri Lankan Tamil.

Apart from these countries, dosa was introduced far abroad since the early 18th century, by the migration of the Tamil diaspora to Southeast Asia and later in the Western World, and through the worldwide popularisation of Indian and South Indian cuisines since the second half of the 20th century.

Names

Dosa with chutney and sambar with sauteed potato filling in a restaurant
Dosa served with sautéed potatoes

Dosa is the anglicised name of a variety of South Indian names for the dish, for example, dosai in Tamil, dosey in Kannada, and dosha in Malayalam.

The standard transliterations and pronunciations of the word in various South Indian languages are:

Language Transliteration Pronunciation (IPA)
Tamil: தோசை dōsai [d̪oːsaɪ̯]
Kannada: ದೋಸೆ dōse [d̪oːse]
Malayalam: ദോശ dōśha [d̪oːʃa]
Telugu: దోశ[13] dōsa [d̪oːsa]

Nutrition

Dosa is high in carbohydrates and contains no added sugars. As its key ingredients are rice and black gram, it is a good source of protein.[14] A typical homemade plain dosa without oil contains about 112 calories, of which 84% is carbohydrate and 16% is protein.[15] The fermentation process increases the vitamin B and vitamin C content.[16]

Preparation

A mixture of rice and white gram that has been soaked in water for at least 4–5 hours is ground finely to form a batter. Some add a bit of soaked fenugreek seeds while grinding the batter. The proportion of rice to lentils is generally 3:1 or 4:1. After adding salt, the batter is allowed to ferment overnight, before being mixed with water to get the desired consistency. The batter is then ladled onto a hot tava or griddle greased with oil or ghee. It is spread out with the base of a ladle or a bowl to form a pancake. It can be made either thick like a pancake, or thin and crispy. A dosa is served hot, either folded in half or rolled like a wrap. It is usually served with chutney and sambar. The mixture of white grams and rice can be replaced with highly refined wheat flour or semolina.

  • Rice batter
    Rice batter
  • Batter poured on a tava or griddle
    Batter poured on a tava or griddle
  • Batter being spread uniformly
    Batter being spread uniformly
  • After being cooked for some time
    After being cooked for some time

Serving

Dosas can be stuffed with fillings of vegetables and sauces to make a quick meal. They are typically served with a vegetarian side dish, which varies according to regional and personal preferences. Common side items are:

Variations

Masala dosa is a roasted dosa served with potato curry, chutney, and sambar, while saada (plain) dosa is prepared with a lighter texture; paper dosa is a thin and crisp version. Rava dosa is made crispier using semolina.[17] Newer versions include Chinese dosa, cheese dosa, paneer dosa, and pizza dosa.[18]

Though dosa is typically made with rice and lentils, other versions exist.[19]

Types of dosa
Name Description
Uttapam A highly popular variety of dosa is much thicker and softer and served with vegetable toppings. It also uses less oil, hence is considered healthier than the typical dosa. On the flipside, though, it takes more time to prepare than a regular dosa. Both surfaces may be baked. They are again eaten like a regular dosa with servings of sambhar and chutney. Its history is as old as the dosa, featuring in Sangam literature. It is closely related to both the dosa and the appam.
Masala dosa Roasted and crispy dosa, served with potato curry, chutney and sambar
Oats dosa Healthy, crisp and lacy instant dosa made with oats
Wheat dosa Dosa made with wheat flour batter, a typical wheat dosa may consume more oil and takes longer to prepare than a regular dosa. Instead of oil, ghee or butter may be used.
Set dosa Smaller, spongy, soft and light, served in a set of 2-3 dosa per serving
Red rice dosa A healthier variant of the regular dosa, it uses red rice instead of white rice, though the batter may also involve a mixture of the two rice varieties, too.
Plain dosa Dosa has light texture and can be crispy.
Kal dosai A thicker, softer, and spongier variant of a plain dosa, it also uses a stone tawa instead of the regular iron tawa for other dosas.
Tandoori dosa A variety of dosa that uses a tandoor to prepare it instead of a tawa
Ghee roast (Nei dosai in Tamil) Plain dosa cooked with ghee instead of oil and usually with no filling
Paper roast/Plain roast dosa A large, plain dosa known for its thin layer and crispiness resulting from making a very thin layer of batter and the addition of extra oil compared to plain dosa
Egg dosa (Muttai dosai in Tamil) A thicker base of dosa topped with beaten egg, or beaten egg is added to batter before cooking.
Kari dosai A Tamil Nadu specialty with a dosa of thicker base topped with cooked meat, usually chicken or mutton: Dosas topped with vegetables or vegetable curry are also sometimes referred to as kari dosai.
Madurai Kari dosai A famous variant of kari dosai is the Madurai kari dosai. This has a vegetarian and a non-vegetarian variant. The latter consists of non-vegetarian toppings of a mix of omlette, minced meat, and without vegetables, while the former has a fully vegetarian topping of vegetable curry.
Pori dosa/Puffed rice dosa Uses some puffed rice alongside raw rice and some lentils in the batter
Paneer dosa Spiced, flavorful paneer filling inside the dosa
Palak dosa Layered with palak (spinach) paste inside the folds of dosa
Pizza dosa A fusion of the traditional dosa and a regular pizza, it comes in many subvariants. It primarily uses toppings that resemble those of a regular pizza.
Spring Roll dosa A fusion of the traditional plain dosa and the spring roll, it has vegetarian and non-vegetarian variants. It uses the same stuffing as in the spring roll and is usually cut and served rolled up as a spring roll. It is also notably spicy (piquant).
Jini dosa A famous variety of dosa from Mumbai, Indiam , it is a crispy, cheesy dosa stuffed with a spicy mix of vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, and capsicum in addition to a tangy sauce.
Schezwan dosa A type of dosa with stuffing of a mix of cooked vegetables and Schezwan sauce
Mini soya dosa[20] Soya milk and wheat flour[21]
Pesarattu (green dosa)[22] Made with green gram.[23] It is served with Allam Pachadi. (Ginger chutney)
Adai dosa From Tamil Nadu, it is a dosa-like dish prepared from a combination of toor dal, rice, curry leaves, red chillies, and asafoetida. The batter is not fermented, and is usually eaten with jaggery or aviyal.
Light white dosa Rice and coconut[24]
Kadapa Neyyi karam dosa[25] Rice flour fermented overnight and mixed with sodium carbonate. The topping is a mixture of onion and chili paste (called yerra karam) and a chutney made with tomato and flour made in a gravy of curd. It is roasted in Ghee. It is also occasionally topped with fried gram powder.[25]
Onion rava dosa[26] Semolina, rice flour, onion
Ragi wheat dosa Ragi, whole wheat flour[27]
Rava dosa Made with rava or sooji (semolina), it is a healthier alternative to regular dosa. Rava dosa takes up more oil than a regular dosa and can stick to the tawa if enough oil is not used. It also takes more time to prepare than a regular dosa.
Benne dose Made with butter (benne in Kannada, vennai in Tamil), it is predominantly famous as Davanagere benne dose associated with the Davanagere district in Karnataka.
Neer dosa Made with a watery rice batter
Vodu dose or Kappa roti Vodu dose or kappa roti is made from unfermented rice, fenugreek, grated coconut, thinly flattened rice, and sometimes leftover cooked rice. It is cooked on an earthen pan with a rounded bottom. It is fluffy and appears like a bread. It is cooked without the use of oil.
Amboli, ghavan, dhirde In coastal parts of Maharashtra, variations known as amboli and ghavan are thin rice crêpes prepared with fermented batter, while dhirde is prepared with unfermented batter.
Buttermilk dosa Semolina, maida, buttermilk[28]
Jaggery dosa Rice flour, maida, grated coconut, jaggery.
Minapattu Very similar to plain dosa, this version tends to be thicker and, compared to plain dosa, it has a greater ratio of urad dal to rice flour or, in some cases, idli rava.
Maida dosa The maida dosa batter is made from maida (refined flour) by adding water to get dense consistency; chopped onion, chilli, coriander leaves, and salt are added for taste. Maida dosa is quickly made in many households of Karnataka state, India.
  • Masala dosa served traditionally with chutney, sambar, sauteed potato filling
    Masala dosa served traditionally with chutney, sambar, sauteed potato filling
  • Uttapam is one of the many varieties of dosa prepared in India and served for breakfast.
    Uttapam is one of the many varieties of dosa prepared in India and served for breakfast.
  • Urad plain dosa
    Urad plain dosa
  • Wheat flour dosa
    Wheat flour dosa
  • Plain dosa
    Plain dosa
  • Paper roast, a wafer-thin crispy dosa, served in restaurants
    Paper roast, a wafer-thin crispy dosa, served in restaurants
  • Ghee roast, known as nei dosa in Tamil.
    Ghee roast, known as nei dosa in Tamil.
  • Butter dosa, known as benne dose in Kannada.
    Butter dosa, known as benne dose in Kannada.
  • Pesarattu (moong dal dosa) and ginger chutney in Andhra Pradesh
    Pesarattu (moong dal dosa) and ginger chutney in Andhra Pradesh
  • Mangalorian neer dosa popular in South Canara districts, Karnataka
    Mangalorian neer dosa popular in South Canara districts, Karnataka
  • Kambu (bajra/pearl millet) dosa
    Kambu (bajra/pearl millet) dosa
  • Rava dosa made from sooji rava flour, more popular in Karnataka and Udupi restaurants in Mumbai
    Rava dosa made from sooji rava flour, more popular in Karnataka and Udupi restaurants in Mumbai
  • Wheat batter dosa, known locally as godi mau or godhumai mavvu dosa
    Wheat batter dosa, known locally as godi mau or godhumai mavvu dosa
  • Ragi dosa made of ragi flour mixed with small portions of rice and urad dal
    Ragi dosa made of ragi flour mixed with small portions of rice and urad dal
  • Uthappam or utthapa, a version with onion, chilli, and tomato
    Uthappam or utthapa, a version with onion, chilli, and tomato
  • Methi dosa on a pan, known as vendhyam dosai in Tamil Nadu
    Methi dosa on a pan, known as vendhyam dosai in Tamil Nadu
  • Masala dosa at a street food center
    Masala dosa at a street food center
  • "Table dosa" which covers almost half of the table
    "Table dosa" which covers almost half of the table
  • Indian street dosa masala in Varanasi, India
    Indian street dosa masala in Varanasi, India
  • Onion dosa, with coconut chutney and potato curry
    Onion dosa, with coconut chutney and potato curry
  • Set dosa, a set of 3 dosas with coconut chutney, curry and Mysore bonda
    Set dosa, a set of 3 dosas with coconut chutney, curry and Mysore bonda

World record

On 16 November 2014, 29 chefs, at Hotel Daspalla in Hyderabad, India, created a dosa that was 16.68 m (54.7 ft) long and weighed 13.69 kg (30.2 lb), earning the Guinness World Record for the longest dosa.[29]

  • Uttapam: a thick relatively soft crepe mostly topped with diced onions, tomatoes, cilantro or cheese, sometimes described as an Indian pizza
  • Pesarattu: made from green gram in Andhra Pradesh, served with a ginger and tamarind chutney
  • Appam: a pancake prepared from patted rice batter, served with sweet coconut milk and/or sugar
  • Chakuli pitha: the batter contains more black gram and less rice flour
  • Apam balik: made from a mixture of flour, eggs, sugar, baking soda, coconut milk and water
  • Jianbing: a Chinese dish
  • Bánh xèo: a Vietnamese dish
  • Lahoh: a Somali dish
  • Injera: an Ethiopian dish made with fermented teff batter

See also

References

  1. ^ K. T. Achaya (November 2003). The Story of Our Food. Universities Press. p. 80. ISBN 81-7371-293-X.
  2. ^ P. Thankappan Nair (2004). South Indians in Kolkata. Punthi Pustak. p. 320. ISBN 81-86791-50-7.
  3. ^ a b Charmaine O' Brien (15 December 2013). The Penguin Food Guide to India. Penguin Books Limited. p. 378. ISBN 978-93-5118-575-8.
  4. ^ Vir Sanghvi (1 January 2004). Rude Food: The Collected Food Writings of Vir Sanghvi. Penguin Books India. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-14-303139-0.
  5. ^ K.T. Achaya (2003). The Story of Our Food. Universities Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-81-7371-293-7.
  6. ^ "8 oldest Udupi restaurants in Bombay". The Free Press Journal. 31 May 2019. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  7. ^ Bhattacharya, Bhaswati (3 August 2017). Much Ado Over Coffee: Indian Coffee House Then And Now, Bhaswati Bhattacharya, Routledge, 2017. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-38315-8. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  8. ^ Bride at Ten, Mother at Fifteen: Autobiography of an Unknown Indian Woman, Sethu Ramaswamy, Namita Gokhale Editions, 2003
  9. ^ J. Hurst, Christon, ed. (2023). "Fermented Foods of South Asia". Microbial Fermentations in Nature and as Designed Processes. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 342. ISBN 978-1-119-84999-5. OCLC 1393173167.
  10. ^ Davidson, Alan (2014). "Sri Lanka". In Jaine, Tom (ed.). The Oxford companion to food (3. ed. / ed. by Tom Jaine ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 774. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7. OCLC 903167481.
  11. ^ Kadhirvel, S. (2000). "Indian Tamils in Sri Lanka: The countours of dissonance". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 61: 1045–1046. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44144420. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  12. ^ Garg, Sanjay; SAARC Cultural Centre, eds. (2014). Circulation of cultures and culture of circulation: diasporic cultures of South Asia during 18th to 20th centuries. Colombo: SAARC Cultural Centre. p. 151. ISBN 978-955-0567-12-6. OCLC 910664759. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  13. ^ "A Telugu-English Dictionary. New ed., thoroughly rev. And brought up to date...2nd ed". 1903.[permanent dead link‍]
  14. ^ Restaurant style dosa recipe, Dosa recipe (9 July 2023). Dosa recipe.
  15. ^ "Calorie Chart, Nutrition Facts, Calories in Food | MyFitnessPal | MyFitnessPal.com". www.myfitnesspal.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  16. ^ Nutrition and Dietetics - Higher Secondary - First Year (PDF). Directorate of School Education, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2004. p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  17. ^ "A Beginner's Guide to the Great Wide World of Indian Dosa, Priya Krishna and Shailendra Krishna, October 6, 2016". 6 October 2016. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  18. ^ "A Dosa Lesson From a Professional - A Good Appetite, Melissa Clark, New York Times, 6 October 2017". 6 October 2017. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  19. ^ Kumar, Ashwani; Singh, Sarabjit; Tomer, Vidisha; Prasad, Rasane (2022). Cereals and cereal-based foods : functional benefits and technological advances for nutrition and healthcare (First ed.). Palm Bay, FL, USA: Apple Academic Press. p. 251. ISBN 9781000164299. Retrieved 25 April 2023. The ingredients for dosa preparation are not limited to just rice and black gram instead pure rice or a mixture of rice, wheat, sorghum, maize, or millets can also be used.
  20. ^ "Recipe: Mini soya dosa". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  21. ^ "Mini Soya Dosa". food.ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  22. ^ "Healthy snack recipe: Green Dosa". The Times of India. 17 February 2016. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  23. ^ "Pesarattu (Green Gram Dosa)". food.ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  24. ^ "Recipe: Light white dosa". The Times of India.
  25. ^ a b "The karam dosas from kadapa". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  26. ^ "Onion Rava Dosa". food.ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  27. ^ "Ragi Wheat Dosa". food.ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  28. ^ Verma, Neera. South Indian Cook Book. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. ISBN 978-81-7182-836-4.
  29. ^ "Longest Dosa". guinnessworldrecords.com.
  30. ^ 27 November 2019. US presidential candidate Kamala Harris cooks masala dosas with Mindy Kaling Archived 23 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine. The Hindu. Retrieved 23 July 2023.

Read other articles:

Antonio Gandusio

Antonio GandusioFilm Italia La vispa Teresa, 1943Lahir(1875-07-29)29 Juli 1875Rovinj, KroasiaMeninggal23 Mei 1951(1951-05-23) (umur 75)Milan, ItaliaPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1914-1948 Antonio Gandusio (29 Juli 1875 – 23 Mei 1951) adalah seorang pemeran film asal Italia. Ia tampil dalam 34 film antara 1914 dan 1948. Ia lahir di Rovinj (sekarang Kroasia) dan wafat di Milan, Italia.[1] Filmografi pilihan The Story of a Poor Young Man (1920) Territorial Militia...

 

 

Jombang, Jombang

Untuk satuan wilayah di atasnya, lihat Kabupaten Jombang. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Jombang (disambiguasi). JombangKecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan JombangNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TimurKabupatenJombangPemerintahan • CamatDrs. Heri PrayitnoPopulasi (2021)[1] • Total142.004 jiwa • Kepadatan3.525/km2 (9,130/sq mi)Kode pos61411 - 61419Kode Kemendagri35.17.09 Kode BPS3517130 Luas40,29 km²Desa/kelurahan16 desa 4 kelurahan Jombang adalah...

 

 

Purgatory (song)

This article is about the Iron Maiden song. For the Kim Petras song, see Turn Off the Light (mixtape). 1981 single by Iron MaidenPurgatorySingle by Iron Maidenfrom the album Killers B-sideGenghis KhanReleased15 June 1981 (1981-06-15)Recorded1980GenreHeavy metalLength3:22LabelEMISongwriter(s)Steve HarrisProducer(s)Martin BirchIron Maiden singles chronology Twilight Zone / Wrathchild(1981) Purgatory (1981) Run to the Hills (1982) Purgatory is Iron Maiden's fifth single, released ...

WUVS-LP

Radio station in Muskegon, MichiganWUVS-LPMuskegon, MichiganFrequency103.7 MHzBranding103.7 The BeatProgrammingFormatUrban/EducationalOwnershipOwnerWest Michigan Community Help NetworkSister stationsWUGM-LPHistoryFirst air dateMarch 2002Call sign meaningUnderground VideoS howTechnical informationFacility ID125796ClassL1ERP100 wattsHAAT29.49 meters (97 ft)LinksWebsite1037thebeat.com WUVS-LP (103.7 FM, 103.7 The Beat) is a low power radio station licensed to Muskegon, Michigan. Former logo Sour...

 

 

Molly Seidel

American long-distance runner Molly SeidelSeidel in 2018Personal informationBirth nameMolly Elizabeth SeidelBorn (1994-07-12) July 12, 1994 (age 29)Brookfield, WisconsinHeight5 ft 5 in (1.65 m)Weight115 lb (52 kg)SportCountry United StatesSportTrack, long-distance runningEvent(s)5000 m, 10,000 m, Half marathon, MarathonCollege teamNotre Dame Fighting IrishClubPuma[1]Turned pro2017Coached byTim Broe 2017–19Jon Green 2019–present[2]Achievem...

 

 

Sergey Petrov (politician)

This article is about the Russian politician born in 1965. For the Russian businessman and politician born in 1954, see Sergey Petrov (businessman). For other people with the same name, see Sergey Petrov. Russian politician In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Valerievich and the family name is Petrov. Sergey PetrovСергей ПетровMember of the State Duma for Leningrad OblastIncumbentAssumed office 5 October 2016Preceded byconstituency re...

Panic (1928 film)

1928 film PanicDirected byHarry PielWritten byHerbert NossenHarry PielStarringHarry PielDary HolmEugen BurgErich Kaiser-TitzCinematographyEwald DaubGotthardt WolfProductioncompanyRing FilmDistributed byUFARelease date23 February 1928Running time109 minutesCountryGermanyLanguagesSilent German intertitles Panic (German: Panik) is a 1928 German silent crime film directed by Harry Piel and starring Piel, Dary Holm and Eugen Burg. It was shot at the Weissensee Studios in Berlin. The film's sets we...

 

 

Persikasi Bekasi

Persikasi BekasiNama lengkapPersatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Kabupaten BekasiJulukan Laskar Bendo Item Kumbang Bekasi Berdiri16 Maret 1961StadionStadion Wibawa Mukti(Kapasitas: 30,000)PemilikPemerintah Kabupaten BekasiKetua Muhammad Reza ReynaldiManajer Maman SupratmanPelatih HeriyantoLigaLiga 3 Nasional 2021 2021Babak 32 Besar Liga 3 IndoneisaKelompok suporterThe Joeang Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Persikasi (atau singkatan dari Persatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Kabupaten Bekasi) adalah tim sepak ...

 

 

جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل سيناريو أصلي

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (يونيو 2023) جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل سيناريو أصليالشعارمعلومات عامةالبلد الولايات المتحدة مق...

Pomme, pomme, pomme

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une chanson, le Concours Eurovision de la chanson et le Luxembourg. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Pomme, pomme, pomme Chanson de Monique Melsen auConcours Eurovision de la chanson 1971 Sortie 1971 Langue Français Genre Pop, variété, chanson française Auteur Pierre Cour Compositeur Hubert Giraud Classement 13e (70 points) Chansons représentant le...

 

 

Associazione Calcio Spezia 1941-1942

Voce principale: Spezia Calcio. Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche italiane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Associazione Calcio SpeziaStagione 1941-1942Sport calcio Squadra Spezia Allenatore Cesare Cassanelli Presidente Coriolano Perioli Serie B6º posto. Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Lovagnini (34) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Costanzo (24) StadioStadio ...

 

 

Cantabria

Autonomous community and province of Spain This article is about the Spanish community of Cantabria. For residents of Cambridge, see Cantabrigian. For other uses, see Cantabria (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Cantabria – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2...

Walnut Ridge Air Force Station

Closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Walnut Ridge Air Force Station Part of Air Defense Command (ADC)Walnut Ridge AFSLocation of Walnut Ridge AFS, ArkansasCoordinates36°07′48″N 090°55′09″W / 36.13000...

 

 

دراسة العقائد الدينية

دراسة العقائد الدينيةصنف فرعي من علوم اجتماعية جزء من theology and religious studies (en) يمتهنه باحث في الأديان الموضوع دين تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بياناتتحتاج هذه المقالة إلى تهذيب لتتناسب مع دليل الأسلوب في ويكيبيديا. فضلاً، ساهم في تهذيب هذه المقالة من خلال معالجة مشكلات الأس�...

 

 

Trump administration migrant detentions

This article is part of a series aboutDonald Trump Business and personal Business career The Trump Organization wealth tax returns Media career The Apprentice bibliography filmography Eponyms Family Foundation American football Golf Honors Public image in popular culture SNL parodies handshakes Legal affairs Sexual misconduct allegations Nicknames pseudonyms Racial views Comments on John McCain Conspiracy theories Residences Rhetoric 45th President of the United States Presidency timeline Tr...

Yaśodharapura

Second capital of the Khmer Empire YashodharapuraយសោធរបុរៈSatellite image and map of YashodharapuraYashodharapuraLocation in CambodiaAlternative nameAngkorLocationSiem Reap, CambodiaRegionSoutheast AsiaCoordinates13°25′26″N 103°51′22″E / 13.423854°N 103.856092°E / 13.423854; 103.856092HistoryBuilderYasovarman IFoundedlate 9th century ADAbandoned1431 ADPeriodsMiddle AgesSite notesConditionrestored and ruinedPublic accessYesArchite...

 

 

El Lindaman

Japanese professional wrestler (born 1995) El LindamanEl Lindaman in January 2022Birth nameYuga Hayashi (林悠河, Hayashi Yūga)Born (1995-02-12) February 12, 1995 (age 29)[1]Nakano, Tokyo, Japan[1]Professional wrestling careerRing name(s)El Lindaman[2]Yuga Hayashi[2]Billed height1.61 m (5 ft 3 in)[1]Billed weight70 kg (154 lb)[1]Trained byDragon Gate DojoDebutApril 4, 2014[1] Yuga Hayashi (林悠河, Haya...

 

 

John Major

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1990 to 1997 This article is about the former prime minister of the United Kingdom. For other people with the same name, see John Major (disambiguation). The Right HonourableSir John MajorKG CHMajor in 1995Prime Minister of the United KingdomIn office28 November 1990 – 2 May 1997MonarchElizabeth IIDeputyMichael Heseltine (1995‍–‍1997)Preceded byMargaret ThatcherSucceeded byTony BlairLeader of the OppositionIn office2 M...

Roscoe Charles Wilson

United States Air Force general Roscoe Charles WilsonLieutenant General Roscoe C. WilsonNickname(s)BimBorn(1905-06-11)June 11, 1905Centralia, PennsylvaniaDiedAugust 21, 1986(1986-08-21) (aged 81)Louisville, KentuckyBuriedZachary Taylor National CemeteryAllegiance United States of AmericaService/branch United States Army United States Air ForceYears of service1928–1961Rank Lieutenant GeneralCommands held Third Air ForceBattles/warsWorld War II: Air raids on Japan Occupation of...

 

 

United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia

United States federal district court in West Virginia United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia(N.D. W. Va.)LocationMartinsburgMore locationsFederal Building and United States Courthouse(Wheeling)ElkinsClarksburgAppeals toFourth CircuitEstablishedJanuary 22, 1901Judges3Chief JudgeTom KleehOfficers of the courtU.S. AttorneyWilliam J. Ihlenfeld IIU.S. MarshalTerry Moore (acting)www.wvnd.uscourts.gov The United States District Court for the North...