template Infobox ethnic group is being considered for merging. › The Circassians, also known as the Cherkess or the Adyghe (Adyghe and Kabardian: Адыгэхэр...

Russia, Northern Caucasus Circassian coast, on the Black Sea Circassians, also known as Adyghe people Circassian diaspora Circassian language, a Northwest...

The Circassian genocide, or Tsitsekun, was the systematic mass killing, ethnic cleansing, and forced displacement of between 95% and 97% of the Circassian...

Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864), after which approximately 80–97% of the Circassian people were either exiled or massacred in the Circassian genocide...

concept of Circassian beauty is an ethnic stereotype of the Circassian people. A fairly extensive literary history suggests that Circassian women were...

Circassian dance is an important and defining part of the culture of Circassian people. The national dances evoke imagery of combat and courtship. They...

Circassians are citizens and residents of Israel. They live primarily in two towns: Kfar Kama (Кфар Кама), and Rehaniya (Рихьаные). The Circassians of...

also known as West Circassian, (or Lower Circassian) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians. Native to Circassia...

also known as West Circassian) and Kabardian (къэбэрдейбзэ; also known as East Circassian). Despite phonological differences, Circassian languages are reciprocally...

Infobox ethnic group is being considered for merging. › The Circassian diaspora are ethnic Circassians around the world who were driven from Circassia during...

being considered for merging. › Circassian Americans (Adyghe: Адыгэ Американхэр; Kabardian: Адыгэ Американхэр) are Circassians living in the United States...

The Russo-Circassian War, also known as the Russian invasion of Circassia, took place in the North Caucasus between July 1763 and June 1864. It began when...

 › Circassians in Jordan (Adyghe: Иорданием ис Адыгэхэр, romanized: Yiwerdaniém yis Adıǵexer; Arabic: الشركس في الأردن) are descendants of Circassian refugees...

The Circassian flag (Adyghe and Kabardian: Адыгэ нып) is the national flag of the Circassians. It consists of a green field charged with twelve gold stars...

in the Circassian languages, encompassing both the Adyghe language (West Circassian) and the Kabardian language (East Circassian). A Circassian noun can...

considered for merging. › Circassians in Turkey refers to people born in or residing in Turkey that are of Circassian origin. The Circassians are one of the largest...

Circassian nationalism is the desire among Circassians worldwide to preserve their heritage and culture, save their language from extinction, raise awareness...

Germany who are of Circassian origin. There are around 40,000 Circassians in Germany. After the Circassian genocide, Circassians were exiled to Ottoman...

Circassian cuisine is an ethnic cuisine, based on the cooking style and traditions of the Circassian people of the North Caucasus. This region lies between...

for merging. › Circassians in Iraq refer to people born in or residing in Iraq, that are of Circassian origin. Like all Iraqis, Circassians in Iraq faced...

International Circassian Association (ICA) is the umbrella organization that represents all Circassian institutions around the world. In various Circassian communities...

(/kəˈbɑːrdiən/), also known as East Circassian, is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the eastern subgroups of Circassians. Native to Circassia in the Caucasus...

Infobox ethnic group is being considered for merging. › Circassians in Syria refer to the Circassian diaspora that settled in Syria (then part of the Ottoman...

The Adyghe Khabze is the traditional worldview and moral code of the Circassian people. It regulates most aspects of individual as well as social life...

incomplete list of world-famous or notable Circassians, including both full Circassians and people of at least 50% Circassian descent. Figures who belong in two...

Circassian cheese (Adyghe: адыгэ къуае Adyghe pronunciation: [aːdəɣa qʷaːja], Russian: адыгейский сыр adygeyskiy syr), is a cheese found across the North...

template Infobox proto-language is being considered for merging. › Proto-Circassian (or Proto-Adyghe–Kabardian) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the...

template Infobox ethnic group is being considered for merging. › The Circassians in Romania were an ethnic minority in the territory that constitutes...

religion is being considered for merging. › Circassian paganism is the ethnic religion of the Circassians. It is based on worshipping the supreme god...

This was achieved by reforms of some Circassian leaders, as well as a series of violent revolts by Circassian peasants (Adyghe: Фэкъолӏ зау, lit. 'The...

The Circassian–Nogai wars were a series of military conflicts between the Circassian tribes, the Abazins, and the Nogai Horde (often allied with the Crimean...

for merging. › The Circassians in Iran are an ethnic minority in Iran. Circassians in Iran differ somewhat from other Circassian diasporas, in that most...

Khazar–Circassian Wars are a series of conflicts between the Turkic Khazar Khaganate and the Caucasian Circassian peoples with the reason of Circassians' not...

Adyghe language: Пщэу Iэтэм), known in English as Edhem the Circassian, was a Circassian Ottoman guerilla leader, social bandit, efe and soldier. He initially...

The Circassians in Egypt (Adyghe: Мысырым ис Адыгэхэр, romanized: Mısırım yis Adıgəxər; Arabic: الشركس في مصر) are people of Egypt with Circassian origin...

the Crimea in 1783, the slave trade of Circassians from Caucasus became an independent slave trade. The Circassian slave trade of particularly women from...

Circassian music refers to the traditional songs and instruments of the Circassians. Circassian music is characterized by certain instruments, including:...

the Napoleonic Wars and Russo-Circassian War, initially gaining prominence for his genocidal actions against the Circassians, whom he reportedly saw as a...

The Crimean–Circassian wars were a series of intermittent conflicts between the Crimean Khanate and various Circassian tribes from the late 15th century...

Circassian chicken (Adyghe: Адыгэ чэты; Kabardian: Адыгэ джэд) is a dish of shredded boiled chicken served under or in a rich paste made with crushed walnuts...

are one of the Circassian tribes, represented by one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Along with the Circassian tribes of Natukhai...

ethnic group is being considered for merging. › The Circassians in Kosovo were a group of the Circassian people who lived in Kosovo beginning in the mid-19th...

indefinite. In Circassian, personal pronouns are strictly expressed only in the first person and second person in singular and plural forms. Circassian does not...

Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo–Adyghean, Abkhazo–Circassian, Circassic, or sometimes Pontic languages (from Ancient Greek, pontos...

Seventh Coalition Russian conquest of the Caucasus Caucasian War Russo-Circassian War Murid War Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)...

majority of ethnic Circassians today are Muslim while a minority retain Orthodox Christian or pagan beliefs. Historically, Circassians were predominantly...

identified themselves as Circassian. After the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War, large number of Circassians were exiled to the Ottoman...

The Circassian–Georgian wars were a series of intermittent military conflicts, raids, and uprisings between the Georgian kingdoms and principalities and...

Circassians is a broad ethnonym of the Turkic origin, which in Russia, Turkey and Persia used to be, and in the case of Turkey is now, applied to peoples...

Hatuqay dialect is a dialect of Adyghe, spoken by the Hatuqay branch of the Circassian people. Linguistically, it is classified as one of the Steppe or Kuban...

template Infobox ethnic group is being considered for merging. › The Circassians in Saudi Arabia (Adyghe: СаIудий Хьэрыпыем ис Адыгэхэр, romanized: Saudi...

The Circassian–Golden Horde War (1319–1327) was a series of military engagements between the Mongol-led Golden Horde and the Circassians (Zichia). During...

Kabardian: Беслъэнеибзэ) is a dialect of the East Circassian language, spoken by the Besleney subgroup of Circassians. However, because the Besleney tribe lived...

Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria A Petition from Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria was a document sent by Circassian leaders...

considered for merging. › Circassians in Libya (Adyghe: Либием ис Адыгэхэр, romanized: Libiyem yis Adıgəxər) refers to the Circassian diaspora settled in Libya...

was the legendary Supreme Prince (King) of Circassia who unified all Circassians into one state. He led campaigns into several areas and expanded borders...

The Circassian Parliament or the Circassian Majlis (Adyghe: Адыгэ Хасэ, romanized: Adygə Xasə, IPA: [aːdɘɣə́ xaːsə́]), also called the Great Parliament...

Kabardinians are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They are also commonly known...

Verbs in Circassian languages can be distinguished between transitivity (intransitive, transitive and ditransitive), and valency (monovalent, bivalent...

Russian military plans on the Caucasian front that culminated in the Circassian genocide. While he was disappointed by the results of the Congress of...

USS Circassian was a large steamer captured by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy as a supply ship for ships...

The Circassian Day of Mourning (Adyghe: Шъыгъо-шӏэжъ маф; Russian: День памяти жертв Кавказской войны) is observed by the Circassian diaspora every year...

multiple sides were both victims and perpetrators. Circassian refugees included the survivors of the Circassian genocide. Following the 1913 coup d'état, the...

Kama (Hebrew: כְּפַר כַּמָא, Arabic: كفر كما, Adyghe: Кфар Кама) is a Circassian town located in the Lower Galilee of Israel's northern district, located...

The Tughuzhuqo Qizbech movement was a major Circassian resistance effort during the Russo-Circassian War, led by the nobleman Qizbech Tughuzhuqo. Refusing...

representing the indigenous Caucasian-Turkic Karachay people and the Cherkess or Circassian people. Karachays form the largest ethnic group at around 44% of the population...

workers froze to death in the steppes or became victims of attacks by Circassians. The Ottoman fleet was destroyed by a storm. The Ottoman Empire, though...

Crimean–Circassian War of 1518 was a military conflict between the Crimean Khanate and the Kabardian Principality. The defeat paused Crimean attacks on...

Къэлэубатыкъо Хьатыкъуай ШIупакIо) was a Circassian politician and military commander who served as the leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1807 to 1827...

(Adyghe: Гъуазэ; "The Guide") is a Circassian newspaper in Turkey published since 1911. It uses Turkish as well as Circassian. Today, it is published online...

of the east bank of Jordan. It is not to be confused with the king's Circassian Bodyguard who, though part of the Special Royal Guard Command, are a separate...

Idar Inarmas (Circassian: Айдар) was a Circassian ruler of the Caucasus. He was the son of Prince Inarmas, and the grandson of Prince Tabula. Prince Inarmas...

The Circassian–Georgian war (1509–1512) was a series of military campaigns launched by the Circassians against the Georgian region of Mingrelia under the...

historical regions of Circassia. It was inhabited by the Ubykh people, a Circassian tribe. It was a region located around Sochi. Ubykhia was ruled by the...

significant military engagement during the Russo-Circassian War, fought in 1834 between the combined forces of Circassian leaders Tughuzhuqo Kizbech and Hawduqo...

sizable number of recruits were Bedouin and non-Arab Circassians. Men from the Druze and Circassian communities are subject to Israeli conscription laws...

The Circassian Heritage Center (Adyghe: Адыгэ Музей - Адыгэ КъыкIэныгъэ Гупчэ) is a heritage site and visitor center that reviews the history and heritage...

Jaimoukha (Circassian: Жэмыхъуэ Амджэд, [ʒaməχʷa aːmd͡ʒad]; sometimes quoted as "Амыщ", the Circassian personal name) was a Jordanian Circassian writer,...

Михайловского укрепления) took place on 3 April 1840 during the Russo-Circassian War. The Circassians defeated the Russian defenses and won the siege. Unwilling...

Giray’s campaigns to Circassia (1539–1551), also known as the Crimean–Circassian War of 1539–1551, were a series of large-scale military expeditions conducted...

The Circassian Union and Charity Society (Adyghe: Адыгэ Зэготын ыкӀи ЗэдэӀэпыӀэн Хасэ) or Çerkes İttihat ve Teavün Cemiyeti (Ottoman Turkish: چركس اتحاد...

citizens (abroad) Ethnic minorities Armenians Assyrians Azerbaijanis Circassians Georgians Kurds Jews Turkmen Religion Islam Baháʼí Faith (persecution)...

The International Circassian Council (ICC) is a political organization that represents Circassian peoples across the world, and seeks an independent Circassia...

The Circassian ambush near Anapa was a military engagement between Circassians and the Russian Empire that occurred in 1809 near the strategic Anapa fortress...

mythology of the ethnic groups in the area, including Abazin, Abkhaz, Circassian, Ossetian, Karachay-Balkar, and to some extent Chechen-Ingush folklore...

19 February 1840 (7 February O.S) during the Russo-Circassian War. Before the siege, the Circassians engaged in intense intelligence activities. After...

waves of emigration. Toward the end of the Caucasian Wars, 90% of the Circassians were ethnically cleansed and exiled from their homelands in the Caucasus...

adjectives in the Circassian languages (Adyghe and Kabardian) share many characteristics with nouns. A key feature of Circassian grammar is phrase-final...

sought to expand southward. Various Caucasian groups, including Abazins, Circassians, Chechens, Ingush, Karachay-Balkars, Ossetians and Dagestanis (various...

in 1924 as a national district (raion) for the Circassian Shapsugs tribe of the Black Sea Circassians (Russian: причерноморские адыги) within the Krasnodar...

is being considered for merging. › Proto-Kabardian (or Proto Eastern Circassian) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Kabardian dialects and the...

prominent Circassian figures (such as local rulers, aristocrats, clergy, and thamate elders) as well as large segments of the common population. Circassians adopting...

 › The Abzakh (Circassian: Абдзах, Abdzakh; Russian: абадзехи) also known as Abdzakhs or Abadzekhs are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing...

are offered in English.[better source needed] The main language of the Circassians in Israel is Adyghe, and most of them also know Hebrew and Arabic. The...

Iranian Arabs. Circassian was once widely spoken by the large Circassian minority, but, due to assimilation, no sizable number of Circassians speak the language...

Hatuqay was a historical principality in Circassia, inhabited by Hatuqay Circassians. Established in the 14th century by separating from the Chemguy Principality...

Central Caucasus. The campaigns involved forces from Kabardia, allied Circassian principalities, the Nogai Horde, and the Tsardom of Russia, and targeted...

launched by the Crimean Khanate against the Circassian tribes of Natukhaj and Shapsug near the Circassian coast. In 1713, Crimean Khan Devlet II Giray...

(also known as the Shapsugh or Shapsogh) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes. Historically, the Shapsug tribe comprised one of the largest groups...

ХьакӀуцу [ħaːkʷʼɘt͡sʷ]) were a Circassian warrior clan who were mostly destroyed in the Circassian genocide and the Russo-Circassian War. The remaining adherents...

Mozdok in 1763 marked a critical event in the early phases of the Russo-Circassian War. The construction of this fortress by the Russian Empire was a strategic...

under Russian control in the early nineteenth century after the Russo-Circassian War. Greater Kabardia, or Upper Kabardia occupied a vast territory in...

Хьэпхьалыкъо Умар) was a Circassian writer, poet, fabulist, translator and teacher. He is known as one of the most important figures in Circassian literature. He...

Military Road in the center divided the Caucasian War into the Russo-Circassian War in the west and the conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan in the east...

African Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Neoshamanism Ossetian...

National Assembly of Turkey of Circassian origin. He wrote a detailed work about Circassian history and was a Circassian nationalist. Father of Ismail...

The Firman of 1854, sometimes called the Prohibition of the Circassian and Georgian Slave Trade, refers to the Imperial Firman or Ferman (Decree) issued...

The Circassian–Kumyk Wars or Kabardian–Kumyk Wars were a series of conflicts between the feudal lords of Kabardia, Abazins, and the Principality of Besleney...

Barzagi; Turkish: Hacı Giranduk Berzeg) was a Circassian military commander who served as the leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1860 to 1864. Most of...

Хъырцыжъыкъо Алэ) was a Circassian military commander and nobleman from the Abzakh region who took part in the Russo-Circassian War. Not much is recorded...

The Crimean-Circassian War of 1552–1556 was a military conflict between the Crimean Khanate and the Kabardian Principality. Kabardian prince Temroqwa believed...

Seventh Coalition Russian conquest of the Caucasus Caucasian War Russo-Circassian War Murid War Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

January 1860), or Sefer Pasha, was a Circassian diplomat and military commander who served as the leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1859 to 1860...

Can (Turkish: [dʒan]) is a common Turkish, Azerbaijani and Circassian given name and surname, meaning spirit, life, soul or heart. Turkish and Azerbaijani...

In the Circassian languages (such as Adyghe and Kabardian), the distinction between andative and venitive motion is a pervasive and highly productive feature...

fourth largest ethnic group are the Assyrians (3–4%), followed by the Circassians (1.5%) and the Armenians (1%), most of which are the descendants of refugees...

Akdogan, Riley Keough, Barry Keoghan and Harry Melling, and follows the Circassian diaspora in New Jersey. The film had its world premiere as the opening...

Emanne Beasha (Arabic: إيمان بيشة; Circassian: Иман Биша; born 18 September 2008) is a Jordanian-American classically-trained singer. She is the winner...

Tatar: Къанжал дженки) or Crimean-Circassian War of 1708 was military conflict in 1708 fought between Circassians led by Kurghoqo Hatokhshoqo and Crimean...

The Siege of Anapa was a key military operation during both the Russo-Circassian War and the Russo-Turkish War. Taking place between May 14 and June 24...

of Circassia refers to the figures who held supreme authority over the Circassian tribes in Circassia. This role evolved from a symbolic feudal title into...

William of Rubruck, who travelled to the Caucasus in 1253, wrote that the Circassians had never "bowed to Mongol rule", despite the fact that a whole fifth...

Dogomuqo Berzeg (1766–1846) was a Circassian military commander and politician who served as the leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1827 to 1839...

related to the Abkhaz and Circassian peoples. Today, as a result of atrocities committed by Imperial Russia during the Circassian genocide, they live mostly...

precipitation: 500–2,000 mm. The ancestors of the modern Kabardians, known as Circassians or Kassogs, have inhabited the area since at least the 6th century BCE...

Исмаил, romanized: Babuk İsmail; Arabic: إسماعيل بابوق; 1841–1920) was a Circassian aristocrat that established the first mayoral council and held office...

Hatuqway are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, represented by one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Their ancestral tongue is...

lands and Armenian province: hereditary Sovereign and Possessor of the Circassian and Mountain Princes and of others; Sovereign of Turkestan, Heir to Norway...

accommodated the Kabardians (a Circassian tribe) in Uzunyayla (Kayseri). As a result, Kayseri has a significant Circassian population. In the 1965 census...

Kartlian and Gruzian tsars and over the land of the Kabardians, over the Circassian and mountain princes, and of others the hereditary sovereign and possessor...

the Circassian slave trade in so called Circassian beauties continued as a separate trade until the end of the Ottoman Empire. The Circassian slave...

Къэрэмырзэ Алий, Russian: Али Карамурзина), was a Circassian commander and prince who partook in the Russo-Circassian War. Aliy belonged to the Karamirza family...

The Besleney (Circassian: Беслъэней, Kabardian pronunciation: [basɬənəj]; Russian: Бесленеевцы) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing...

Colarusso, pp. 158–168 (Circassian Saga 34: How Pataraz Freed Bearded Nasran, Who Was Chained to the High Mountain), 168–169 (Circassian Saga 35: Bound Nasran);...

one of Russia's ethnic republics, primarily representing the indigenous Circassian people who form 25% of the Republic's population, while Russians form...

major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. The Zhane were a very powerful Circassian tribe in...

Cherkesogai (Russian: Черкесогаи), or Circassian Armenians (Armenian: չերքեզահայեր cherk'ezahayer; Circassian: Адыгэ-ермэлы, Adyge-ermely; Russian: черкесские...

The Circassian raids into Georgia (1587-1604) refers to a series of raids and attacks conducted by Circassian peoples against Georgian and Nakh territories...

Concentrations of megaliths, dolmens (Adyghe: исп-унэ) and stone labyrinths dating between the end of the 4th millennium and the beginning of the 2nd millennium...

Russians) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They lived between the lower...

Бекмырзэ, Russian: Ажгериев Кушук), was a Circassian military commander and prince. He took part in the Russo-Circassian War. Kushuk's surname is Bekmirza, and...

ШакӀобзэ, Kabardian: ЩакIуэбзэ) is a Northwest Caucasian language in the Circassian subgroup. According to linguist John Colarusso, Chakobsa is also known...

coast. The local resistance to this process became a part of the Russo-Circassian War which ended in a Russian victory and the genocide of the local population...

The Circassian–Kumyk War (1552–1567) was a series of military confrontations and political struggles between the Kabardian-Circassian princes and the...

Cemiyeti) or the People's Branch (Turkish: Halk Zümresi) was a force of Circassian and Abkhazian volunteers led by Çerkes Ethem against the Allied invasion...

Ottoman period from the 15th century until 1878, when it was resettled by Circassians. The city grew after it was connected to the Hejaz Railway in 1904, leading...

January 1949, a new unit, the Minority Unit. It was made up of Druze, Circassians and Bedouin who were recruited to it for one specific job only: to prevent...

Pshada [ru], a nobleman of the Natukhai from the Shupako house, and a Circassian leader. Although him and his family initially maintained good relations...

dynasty governed until 1250, when the Mamluks, a military caste of Turco-Circassian origin, took control. The Mamluks ruled Egypt for the next three centuries...

Russo-Circassian War between the forces of the Russian Empire and the Abadzekh tribe of the Circassians. In 1841, during the Russo-Circassian War, General...

dough turnover filled with either potatoes or Circassian cheese, and well known popular dish in the Circassian cuisine. Haliva stuffed with cottage cheese...

- September 26, 1844) was a Circassian military commander, nobleman and double agent who took part in the Russo-Circassian War. Due to the rise of democratic...

Massacre, was the destruction of the Circassian village of Karamirzey by the Imperial Russian Army during the Russo-Circassian War. The Russian forces carried...

during the Russo-Circassian War. The raid resulted in a Circassian victory. In October 1824, a mounted force of approximately 800 Circassians and rebel Kabardians...

was a Circassian, and Carlo's "intense blue eyes" and other "marked Circassian features" has been seen as a trait inherited by his Circassian mother...

military and political leaders during the Russo-Circassian War. It had ties to some of influential Circassian families and played an active role as both a...

The Circassian raid on Trebizond was a military assault carried out by a Circassian fleet under the command of Artabil against the Empire of Trebizond...

[rəjħaːnəja]), also spelled Reihaniyye, is a Circassian town in northern Israel. It is one of the only two Circassian towns in Israel, the other being Kfar Kama...

Qizbech Tughuzhuqo was a Circassian soldier, military commander and a leader of the Shapsug who took part in the Russo-Circassian War. A cavalry commander...

studies Adygean (Circassian) diaspora communities in Israel and beyond. Merza was born in Paris circa 1980. Her father's family were Circassian, originally...

persecutions such as the Circassian genocide during the 1860s. Following its conquest of Circassia, around 1 to 1.5 million Circassians – almost half of the...

Juglans regia, known by various common names including the common walnut, English walnut, or Persian walnut amongst other names, is a species of walnut...

contributed significantly to Circassian culture and Circassian literature). He is considered one of the founders of Circassian ethnography and historical...

Circassian smoked cheese is a smoked low-fat Circassian cheese, especially produced in the eastern Marmara region of Turkey. It is light yellow or cream-colored...

b. 1896 – d. 24 October 1963) was a Circassian writer and teacher. She is considered one of the first Circassian female published writers. Melech was...

This is a list of Circassian ethnic enclaves, containing cities, districts, and neighborhoods with predominantly Circassian population, or are associated...

battle against the Circassians, the Ottoman-led force was decisively defeated. The Circassians killed all Ottoman soldiers and the Circassian mercenaries serving...

Adyghe Hase or Circassian Khase (Adyghe and Kabardian: Адыгэ Хасэ, romanized: Adəɣɛ Xasɛ, lit. 'Circassian council') is a political party active in the...

Kabardia. Tatars and Nogais engaged in robbery and extortion against Circassians. A general uprising broke out in Kabardia. In 1707, the Crimean Tatars...

romanized: Məxhoṩ) were one of the Circassian tribes. The tribe was mostly annihilated in the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War. When the Bzhedug...

or Muhammad the Crippled-Armed, was a Circassian commander and prince. He participated in the Russo-Circassian War. Muhammad was one of the Kabardians...

de facto leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1848 to 1859. He was one of the Circassian leaders in the Russo-Circassian War and the third naib...

This article is a list of Heroes of the Soviet Union of North Caucasian origin. Lado Davydov Sergey Sarkhoshev Kadi Abakarov Magomed-Zagid Abdulmanapov [ru]...

legitimacy of the Mountainous Republic of the North Caucasus, an effort by Circassian, Chechen, Dagestani and Ingush peoples to create a single state in the...

Empire and Circassians during the Russo-Circassian War in which Russian forces located and completely destroyed a detachment of 100 Circassians. In July...

Zichia (/ˈzɪkiə/; Medieval Circassian: Адзыгъуей, Adyghe: Адыгей) was the predecessor of Circassia and a medieval kingdom on the northeastern shore of...

Пшикой Ахеджако; 1779–1838) was a Circassian politician, military commander and prince who took part in the Russo-Circassian War. The name Pshiquy is a given...

observed by scholar Victor Schnirelmann especially among the Abkhaz and the Circassians. The Abkhaz native religion, or Abkhaz Neopaganism, is the contemporary...

defeated. He then advanced deeper into Circassian territory and attacked the lands of the so-called “Baazyt Circassians”, whom Shora Nogmov identified as the...

widely accepted as the final military engagement of the Russo-Circassian War, as the Circassian people could no longer continue to resist the invading Imperial...

including former SS members such as Trawniki guard Jakob Reimer and Circassian collaborator Tscherim Soobzokov, fled to the United States under the guise...

known amongst Russians as the cherkeska due to its association with Circassians, who are thought to be the first people Russians saw to wear the garment...

Самыр; born June 27, 1968; Izobilny, Stavropol Krai, Soviet Union) is a Circassian historian, Doctor of Historical Sciences, and head researcher of the Department...

ethnically Circassian (Adyghe). Myts observed: "Although some Latin sources call Alexei I a 'Greek,' one should not rule out the 'Circassian' (Adyghe)...

The Kabarda, Kabardin or Circassian horse is a breed from the Caucasus, originating from Eastern Circassia, currently part of the Kabardino-Balkaria region...

Jembulat Boletoqo (Adyghe: Болэтыкъо Джамболэт) was a Circassian military commander, politician, Prince of Princes of Circassia and the grand prince of...

The Black Sea Incident or Destruction of Russian soldiers by Circassians was an attack on Russian soldiers who were part of a fleet sent to invade Circassia...

Mamluks (Arabic: المماليك البرجية, romanized: al-Mamalik al-Burjiya) or Circassian Mamluks (Arabic: المماليك الشركس, romanized: al-Mamalik al-Sharkas), sometimes...

father of Ismail I, into the North Caucasus. The campaign targeted the Circassian tribes, including the Kabardians and Chemguys, as well as Christian Alans...

generally divided into the Turkic or Bahri period (1250–1382) and the Circassian or Burji period (1382–1517), named after the predominant ethnicity or...

under the command of Grigory Zass and Circassians under the command of Aytech Qanoqo during the Russo-Circassian War. In July 1833, Zass was appointed...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

Crimes was a Circassian congress or conference held March 20, 2010, in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, funded in part by the Circassian members of the...

(Adyghe: Гъуае) were one of the Circassian tribes. They were destroyed after the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War, as not a single member...

Circassian house of peasant (Adyghe: фэкъолӀ) origin of Shapsug tribe of Circassia. They are said to be one of the four largest houses of Circassians...

Shapsugh music. The four groups are the main constituents of the Adiga (Circassian) nation. In the olden days, the musical lore was preserved and disseminated...

originally formed as Ahrar al-Sharkas (Arabic: كتيبة أحرار ألشركس, The Free Circassian Battalion), is an armed group based in the Quneitra Governorate of Syria...

brief military and diplomatic episode involving the Great Horde and the Circassians, which took place in the North Caucasus region during the internal decline...

distinct political entity from the late 1530s until the end of the Russo-Circassian War in 1860s. For much of its history, Besleney was an ally of the Crimean...

(Russian: Сочи) is the Russified form of the Circassian "Ş̂açə" (Adyghe: Шъачэ) which in turn is of Ubykh-Circassian origin, coming from the Ubykh name "Ş̂uaça"...

well as his sister Pari Khān Khānum, her Circassian uncle Shamkhal Sultan as well as the rest of the Circassians, while Haydar was mostly supported by the...

mid-to-late 16th century. He is regarded as one of the most influential Circassian rulers of the period, known for consolidating Kabardian power, leading...

[bʐɐdɘʁʷ]; Russian: Бжедуги; Turkish: Bjeduğlar) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes. Many of them immigrated to Turkey in the 1860s, but there is still...

Ailesi) is a Circassian privateer house of Ubykhia of Circassia, who controlled the entirety of Psou River until the end of Russo-Circassian War. They were...

battle between Russian forces led by Yuri Bibikov and combined Turkish–Circassian troops led by Aji Mustafa Pasha. It ended in a Russian victory. On February...

This is a list of deities associated with blacksmiths and craftspeople. Ptah, patron god of craftsmen and architects Ikenga, Alusi of time, success, achievement...

Natukhaj are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Their areas historically...

Doamna Ecaterina Cercheza (c. 1620 – after 1 March 1666) was a Circassian noblewoman who became Princess consort of Moldavia by marriage to Vasile Lupu...

Natkho (Hebrew: נילי נאתכו; February 18, 1982 – November 5, 2004) was a Circassian-Israeli basketball player who played for Maccabi Raanana and Elitzur Ramla...

from the original on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2014. "Neo-Nazi Circassians on Turkey". caucasusforum.org. Archived from the original on 14 July...

imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system...

of several different ethnicities, often Ethiopian or Circassian. Ethiopian, Indian or Circassian (white) women were much more expensive than the majority...

re-drawn. These peoples included Turks, Kurds, Albanians, Bosnian Muslims, Circassians, Serb Muslims, Greek Muslims, Muslim Roma, and Pomaks. They were subject...

"'Itsik Nash"; born June 23, 1989) is a Circassian-Israeli football player. Nash was born at the Circassian village Kfar Kama at the Lower Galilee and...

romanized: Tchopsınə) were a Circassian tribe. They were destroyed in the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War. Tchopsin in translation...

was a major engagement in the Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864), fought between the Russian Empire and Circassian tribes near Khosta in the Western Caucasus...

[tevˈfic esɛnt͡ʃ]; 1904 – 7 October 1992) was a Turkish citizen of Ubykh Circassian origin, known for being the last speaker of the Ubykh language. He was...

Production history Produced 1600 to present (Still in use by Jordan's royal Circassian guard) Specifications Mass approx. 0.3–1 kg (0.66–2.20 lb) Blade length...

1890 – 20 January 1974), was a Circassian writer, historian, and playwright, famous for his advocacy of the Circassian culture. He produced works in almost...

Palestinian citizenship as well. These include groups of Kurds, Nawar, Circassians, Bosnians, Assyrians, Romani, Druze, Africans, Dom, Russians, Turks and...

La Circassienne au Bain ("The Circassian Lady in the Bath"), also known as Une Baigneuse ("A Bathing Lady"), was a large Neoclassical oil painting from...

folklore of the peoples of the Caucasus, other sources do not mention the Circassian campaign in the Crimea. The dating of the Bakhchisarai Campaign remains...

citizens (abroad) Ethnic minorities Armenians Assyrians Azerbaijanis Circassians Georgians Kurds Jews Turkmen Religion Islam Baháʼí Faith (persecution)...

least in the latter case, Sosruku served as a direct inspiration. In Circassian mythology, it was the Nart Sosriqwe, minion of the gods and his doting...

Kosovo War, the village housed a large Circassian community. When the war broke out, however, the Circassian residents were evacuated to the Adyghe Republic...

to the throne or levied as fines for crimes committed by Circassian subjects. When Circassian leaders refused to deliver the required number of captives...

Mamxegi) were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Originally, the Mamkhegs...

Ust-Labinsk was a major clash between the Crimean Khanate and a coalition of Circassian principalities, led by the Chemguy tribe, on June 6, 1761 near the right...

were disputes with Circassians, who demanded the events be cancelled or moved unless Russia apologized for the 19th century Circassian genocide, environmental...

Kamennobrodskoye massacre was a surprise attack carried out by Kabardian and other Circassian mountaineer forces against the Russian settlement of Kamennobrodskoye...

his family. Circassian Day of Mourning, held May 21, commemorating the Circassian genocide and the Circassian defeat in the Russian-Circassian War Day of...

"Lewti, or the Circassian Love-chaunt" is a poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798. This poem was first published in the Morning Post...

000 speakers. Northwest Caucasian, also called the Abkhazo-Adyghean, Circassian, or Pontic family, with a total of about 2 million speakers. Includes...

of Turkic origins, while the Burji sultans were predominantly ethnic Circassians. While the first three Mamluk sultans, Aybak, his son al-Mansur Ali,...

romanized: Khəghachə) were one of the Circassian tribes. They were completely exterminated in the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War. None were recorded...

Ибрахьим), is a Circassian writer, especially known for his dramatic works. He is considered one of the pioneers of Western Circassian literature. He was...

This was particularly the case of the Circassians. Some of the Circassian slaves were serfs and slaves to Circassian princes, who in their capacity as vassals...

of the slabs pertain to Circassian sultans. One of these two records the achievements of one of the most notable circassians, Sultan Barsbay. The document...

Black Sea coast (Russian: Черноморское побережье России) also rarely Circassian coast (Adyghe: Адыгэ хы аушу, Adyge xy aušu; Russian: Черкесское побережье...

Ludmilla Tchérina (born Monique Tchemerzine; 10 October 1924 – 21 March 2004) was a French prima ballerina and actress. She studied with Blanche d'Alessandri...

Adamians (Adyghe: Адэмый, romanized: Adəmıy) were a Circassian tribe who were massacred in the Circassian genocide. Today, they are assimilated into the Chemguy...

(Circassian:Джашъукъу) Yewıtx (Circassian:Еуытх) Jıtımqo (Circassian:Жьытымкъо) Qаnsаn (Circassian:Къансан) Qeĥu (Circassian:Къэхъу) Qoṩk (Circassian:Къошк)...

million Circassians, half of their population, and expelled the other half from their lands." Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). "The Circassian Genocide:...

‹ The template Infobox ethnic group is being considered for merging. › Russians in Pakistan are a small expatriate community and consist entirely of students...

descended from the Circassian chieftains of Great Kabarda, whence the surname, literally meaning "children/descendants of a Circassian" in Georgian. They...

eldest of the four sons of Grand Prince Aslanbek Qeytuqo. Since the Circassians didn't write their own history and all information comes from external...

Television) is a Circassian television channel broadcast from Jordan. Established in 2007, the channel's programs cover topics related to Circassian history and...

1975, in the Circassian magazine Yamçı, a Circassian female author named Karden D. expressed her hope for the emancipation of Circassian women from being...

Province, Turkey. It is inhabited by Circassians, Alevi Kurds and Sunni Turks, and had a population of 192 in 2022. Circassian tribes in the village are the...

the Ottoman government, proposing a formal military coalition between Circassian and Chechen forces and the Ottoman state to resist the further Russian...

Hunzibs Khwarshis Tsez Northwest Caucasian languages Abazins Abkhazians Circassians Abzakhs Besleneys Bzhedugs Chemirgoys Kabardians Natukhajs Shapsugs Ubykhs...

Читао, Turkish: Çetaw Sülalesi, Çetav Sülalesi or Çetao Sülalesi) is a Circassian knightly house of Abzakh tribe of Circassia. They are found in Republic...

was an Ottoman soldier, gendarme officer, pasha, and militia leader of Circassian origin. He became a guerrilla leader in Anatolia and started a series...

Увжыкъуэ, Russian: Увжуко Жанситов), was a Circassian commander and nobleman who took part in the Russo-Circassian War. Most of the information about Janseid...

of several different ethnicities, often Ethiopian or Circassian. Ethiopian, Indian or Circassian (white) women were much more expensive than the majority...

classified as Arab, some identifying as Palestinian, and including Druze, Circassians, all other Muslims, Christian Arabs, Armenians (which Israel considers...

is a Circassian house of peasant and privateer origin of Shapsug tribe of Circassia. It actively supported Circassia during the Russo-Circassian War and...

to the Turkish market. Turks in Asia Minor are also partly supplied by Circassian eunuchs. The Coptic priests before. Scholz, Piotr O. (2001). Eunuchs and...

Барзагь, Adyghe: Бэрзэдж, Russian: Берзег, Turkish: Berzeg Ailesi) is a Circassian princely house of Ubykhia of Circassia, who controlled the entirety of...

House of Talostan is a Circassian princely house of Kabardia of Circassia. They are found in Kabardino-Balkaria, Russian Federation; as well as in Republic...

Abaza–Abkhaz (Abazgi) and Adyghe ("Circassians" in English). Abkhazians are closely ethnically related to Circassians. There are also three subgroups of...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

would embark upon the Circassian genocide in the Caucasus, leading to the deaths or expulsion of at least 75% of the Circassian people. The last living...

of the Adyghe Khabze, the traditional ethical and legal code of the Circassians. Shapsug nobles, having lost their status, sought refuge in Bzhedug lands...

very popular drink in the North Caucasus, it is a part of traditional Circassian cuisine to this day. A Russian borrowing in English, its ultimate origin...

Dernekleri Federasyonu) or KAFFED is the largest Circassian association in Turkey and is a union of Circassian and other North Caucasian associations from...

The given name is also popular among Turkish-Circassians because Sinem means "my eyes" in the Circassian language, meaning my dear. It may refer to: Sinem...

Hatokhshoqo Hatokhshoqo (Kabardian: ХьэтIохъущокъуэ и къуэ ХьэтIохъущокъуэ) was a Kabardian prince of the Hatokhshoqo dynasty and, briefly, Grand Prince...

citizens (abroad) Ethnic minorities Armenians Assyrians Azerbaijanis Circassians Georgians Kurds Jews Turkmen Religion Islam Baháʼí Faith (persecution)...

(Kabardian: Къурей зауэ) was a stage on the eastern theater of the Russo-Circassian War (1763-1864) in 1779 between the Russian Empire and the Grand Principality...

a Turkish actress, beauty pageant titleholder, painter, and singer of Circassian and Georgian descent. She received a Golden Orange in 2002. Her acting...

1820 - 17 September 1889). Second Kadın after Hoşyar's death. She was of Circassian origin and was raised by Nurtab Kadın, a consort of Mahmud II (father...

created a Circassian national cultural project named Freedom to promote and disseminate Circassian culture and folklore. The story of the Circassian nation...

1991) is a Russian film director, screenwriter and cinematographer of Circassian ethnicity, from the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, in the North Caucasian...

uniting a number of movements in the North Caucasus, including elements of Circassians, Abazins, Chechens, Cossacks, Ossetians and hundreds of volunteer paramilitaries...

Circassian nobility displaced from the North Caucasus following the Caucasian War (1817–1864). Renowned for their aristocratic refinement, Circassian...

Battle of the Cherek River was a significant engagement during the Russo-Circassian War, taking place on April 30, 1810, near the Cherek River in Kabarda...

whether the Circassians entering the Ottoman market were from Dar al-Harb or not, as both allied Muslim Circassians and non-Muslim Circassians were raided...

by Levantine Arabs, Jews, Kurds, Assyrians, Armenians, Chechens and Circassians. The population of the modern Levant border is approximately 57.6 million...

Seventh Coalition Russian conquest of the Caucasus Caucasian War Russo-Circassian War Murid War Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)...

Mevsimi and Börü. Of Circassian and Turkish origin, Özge Gürel was born on 5 February 1987 in Istanbul. Her father is of Circassian descent while her maternal...

World Metrology Day May 21 Afro-Colombian Day (Colombia) Circassian Day of Mourning (Circassians) Day of Patriots and Military (Hungary) Navy Day (Chile)...

the country, in order of the number of speakers: Turkish, Neo-Aramaic, Circassian, Chechen, Armenian, and Greek, none of which are official. Historically...

Джэбэгъ; Russian: Жабаги Казаноков; Arabic: قنزنوقة جباغ) was a Kabardian Circassian jurist, philosopher, poet, thamate and diplomat. As the chief qadi (of...

Çerkes Hasan Bey, or Hasan the Circassian (1850 – 17 June 1876) was an Ottoman military officer and the brother-in-law of Sultan Abdulaziz. His sister...

lineage to) the various Persian Empires, the Nogai Horde, Shirvanshahs and Circassians of the North Caucasus, the Mughals / Moguls of the Indian Subcontinent...

Caucasian language once spoken by the Ubykh people, an ethnic group of Circassians who originally inhabited the eastern coast of the Black Sea before being...

Canibek Giray (1568–1636) was twice khan of the Crimean Khanate. He reigned from 1610 to 1623 and again from 1628 to 1635. During his first reign he fought...

21, 1993 in İzmir as the second child of her family. Her mother is of Circassian descent, while her father is of Azerbaijani descent. She is a graduate...

(region)"), "national" or ethnoreligious (Palestinian, Arab, Israeli, Druze, Circassian), linguistic (Arabic-speaking), civic (feeling "Israeli" or not), etc...

marginalized. Ethnic minority groups in Syria like the Kurds, Turkmen, Circassians, Chechens, etc. were systematically persecuted and oppressed under discriminatory...

the arrival of Muslim refugees and immigrants (mainly Circassians) following the Russo-Circassian War. In 1876, when Sultan Abdul Hamid II came to power...

late medieval nobility institution Twelve Circassian tribes, an historical self-division of the Circassian people Twelve Tribes of Israel (Rastafari)...

Tarator Turkish cold bulgur soup Yoğurt Cheeses Beyaz peynir Braided cheese Circassian cheese Civil peyniri Çömlek cheese Dolaz cheese Hellim Kars gravyer cheese...

journalist Ali Kemal. Ali Kemal's father was a Turk while his mother was a Circassian reputedly of slave origin. His other paternal ancestry includes English...

Kurghoqo Hatokhshoqo. He opposed the construction of the Mozdok fortress on Circassian lands, and saw it as a Russia invasion of Circassia. In January 1764,...

the Circassian diaspora and International Circassian Association. After the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia the separatism in Circassian regions...

dynasty, he participated in occasional factional struggles among the Circassian nobility and gradually consolidated power through a combination of military...

Caucasian family (also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo–Adyghean, Abkhazo–Circassian, Circassian, North Pontic or Pontic) and the Northeast Caucasian family (also...

of Egypt and Sudan from 1854 until 1863. Of Circassian origin, Ayn al-Hayat was a victim of the Circassian slave trade, married Muhammad Ali, and gave...

1864, the area was the scene, significant in Circassian history, of the last battles of the Russian–Circassian War.[citation needed] The village was the...

Education and Research, making him the first federal minister in Germany with Circassian ancestry. After his party's victory in the 2026 Baden-Württemberg state...

Cerchez, Cherchez and Cerkez are Romanian words meaning "Circassian". The Circassians were a prominent minority in Northern Dobruja during the 19th century...

СултIан Къылыщджэрый; 15 March 1880 – 17 January 1947) was a Russian and Circassian general of Crimean Tatar descent. A career military officer, Klych-Girey...

Жанхъуэт), nicknamed Beslan the Fat (Kabardian: Беслъэн ПцIапцIэ) in Circassian oral history, was a Kabardian prince associated with the ruling dynasty...

infobox for more variants.) The name is used in Afrikaans, Belarusian, Circassian, Catalan, Cornish, Croatian, Czech, English (especially in Devon dialect)...

(40 mi). The village inhabitants are mostly of Circassian (Adyghe) origin. Following Russian–Circassian War in 1864, Adyghe people were expelled from Caucasus...

was a significant episode during the Russo-Circassian War, highlighting the fierce resistance of the Circassian (Kabardian) people against Russian imperial...

night of 12 March 1840 (29 February O.S.) during the Russo-Circassian War. The Circassians attacked the fort after the morning prayer, and seven and a...

Petyhorcy (singular: Petyhorzec, Latin: pientho-horcensis, Lithuanian: Petihorai) was a type of regular medium-armoured light cavalry exclusively in the...

arson of the village of Kalofer, suffered in two waves at the hands of Circassian bashi-bazouk in the course of July 1877, as part of the Russo-Turkish...

Spanish object personal Slavic Bulgarian Macedonian Slovene other European Circassian Japonic Japanese Sino-Tibetan Burmese Chinese Cantonese Hokkien Austroasiatic...

The Principality of Copa (Italian: Copa, Kopa or Copario) was a Circassian principality that developed during the 14th and 15th centuries. It was established...

background. Other backgrounds included Albanians, Bosniaks, Chechens, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Pomaks, Macedonian Muslims, Greek Muslims, Serb Muslims...

الملك الظاهر سيف الدين برقوق; born c. 1336) was the first Sultan of the Circassian Mamluk Burji dynasty of Egypt ruling from 1382 to 1389 and 1390 to 1399...

other country in the Middle East. The Circassians in Israel are non-Arab, predominantly Sunni Muslims. The Circassians have had good relations with the Jewish...

example above, we specifically used SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) order, but Circassian allows any word order. Possession is a key grammatical feature in Adyghe...

Eurasian Steppe, but the institution of military slavery spread to include Circassians, Mongols, Abkhazians, Georgians, Armenians, Russians, and Hungarians...

programmes in the local languages like Armenian, Arabic, Bosnian and Circassian a few hours a week. Another special TV channel aimed at the Turkic world...

imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system...

and the Circassians. Both men and women are drafted from the Jewish community, whereas only men are drafted from the Druze and Circassian communities...

from neighbouring Circassia. Voltaire does not speculate on where the Circassians derived their technique from, though he reports that the Chinese have...

in times of war. The army primarily enlisted Albanians and sometimes Circassians as bashi-bazouks, but recruits came from all ethnic groups of the Ottoman...

Biographical Dictionary, 1896–1918. Paul Bushkovitch, Princes Cherkasskii or Circassian Murzas. The Kabardians in the Russian boyar elite, 1560-1700, in: Cahiers...

Caner K. Dagli (Adyghe: Къушъхьэ Джанэр) is a Turkish Circassian-American Islamic scholar and associate professor of Religious Studies at the College of...

The Crimean-Circassian Wars of 1479–1490 were a series of military conflicts between the Crimean Khanate and the Kabardian Principality. In 1479, a campaign...

siege. At some point, Aurangzeb married Aurangabadi Mahal, who was a Circassian or Georgian. Aurangzeb arrived in Agra on 2 May 1644 to see his sister...

Seventh Coalition Russian conquest of the Caucasus Caucasian War Russo-Circassian War Murid War Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)...

activist against Russian imperialism and volunteer in the Circassian army during the Russo-Circassian War. In 1862 Lapinski published a book, Mountain people...

included the Circassian genocide, which was the deadliest ethnic cleansing campaign of the 19th century. Between 1.5 and 2 million Circassians were mass...

tax regulations were introduced, legitimizing the Circassian slave trade again. The so-called Circassian slave trade was to continue until the 20th century...

Circassian people. Circassian cheese is made with raw cow, sheep and/or goat's milk, while Adyghean cheese is made only with cow's milk. Circassian and...

earliest recorded ascent of the eastern summit was on 10 July 1829 by a Circassian man named Khillar Khashirov, and the western summit in 1874 by a British...

Mataz (Circassian: мэтазэ), often called psyhaluje (Circassian: псыхьалыжъо) or haluš, are filled dumplings in Circassian cuisine. They are made by wrapping...

there are estimated to be between 1 and 1.5 million practitioners. Among Circassians, the Adyghe Habze faith has been revived after the fall of the Soviet...

romanized: ʻĪleht Abāẓah) is an Egyptian aristocratic family of maternal Abazin and Circassian, and paternal Egyptian origins whose historical stronghold is in the Nile...

African Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Neoshamanism Ossetian...

Керзек; 1799–1880?) was a Circassian military commander and a nobleman of the Natukhaj region who participated in the Russo-Circassian War. He was involved...

000–1,500,000 Circassians.[page needed] The Georgian government has officially recognised the events as a genocide, as have Circassian advocacy organisations...

imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system...

Ali bin Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi (Arabic: علي بن الحسين بن علي الهاشمي, romanized: ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Hāshimī; 1879 – 13 February 1935),...

noun Jeannette, Spanish proper noun Juanita, Russian Жанет (Zhanet), Circassian Джэнэт (Dzhenet), and Hungarian Zsanett. It is also the diminutive of...

the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, Muslim Georgians, Hamshenis...

(born 1866) was a rubber merchant and political advisor of Syrian and Circassian origins, probably born in the Ottoman Empire, who held significant roles...

can be a point of confusion for learners. It is tempting to read the Circassian alphabet letters phonologically, but this is not always accurate. For...

imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system...

the general chairman. It is a party founded by Circassians in Turkey, and is also known as the "Circassian Solidarity Party" in unofficial media, and defends...

the western Circassians refused to take part in it. In response, the Crimean Khanate sent a punitive expedition against the Circassians. However, according...

(2001). "Ancient Circassian Cultures and Nations in the First Millennium BCE". The Circassians: A Handbook. Routledge. pp. 42–45. "Circassian". Encyclopædia...

Lydian Phrygian Armenian Baltic Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian Caucasian Circassian Georgian Ossetian Vainakh Celtic Irish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic...

one Shapsugh family. The Golan Circassians constituted the largest concentration of Caucasians in Syria. Most Circassian refugees from the Golan resettled...

Lydian Phrygian Armenian Baltic Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian Caucasian Circassian Georgian Ossetian Vainakh Celtic Irish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic...

police officers and 17 civilians were injured. A march to protest the Circassian genocide took place in May 2011.[citation needed] In 2013, protests took...

was the ninth Burji Mamluk sultan of Egypt from AD 1422 to 1438. He was Circassian by birth and a former slave of the first Burji Sultan, Barquq. A former...

Circassia in the 1830s and participated in the Russo-Circassian War on the side of the Circassians. During this time, he wrote and published his memoirs...

Russo-Turkish War and the Russo-Circassian War. Anapa, under the name of Bighurqale, was one of the important ports of the Circassians. It was especially frequented...

Muslim Circassians and Chechens, fleeing Russian persecution, sought refuge in the Levant. In Transjordan and with Ottoman support, Circassians first settled...

(rus. Рамзес Тлякодугов; born 12 December 1976) is a retired Russian (Circassian) bodybuilder and the winner of the prestigious NABBA World Championships...

Aslandjeriy Cherchanuqo was a Circassian politician and ruling prince of the Principality of Hatuqay in the early 19th century. His reign was considered...

one of the largest Circassian population in the diaspora outside Republic of Adygea alongside Shapsugs. Historically, Proto-Circassian possessed a distinct...

AH in the Islamic calendar). As the eighteenth Sultan of Egypt of the Circassian Burji dynasty, Qaitbay stabilized the Mamluk state and economy. He consolidated...

onslaught by the late Ottoman army (which included Arab, Kurdish, and Circassian irregulars) resulted in an estimated 3.4 million deaths, divided between...

cheese Castelo Branco cheese Cathare Chabichou Chabis Chevrotin Circassian cheese Circassian smoked cheese Couronne lochoise Crottin de Chavignol Dolaz cheese...

sedentary populations, as far back as the ancient Egyptians. Among the Circassians, most families maintain a tamga to this day, and the customs related...

transitive form "екъутэ". The example above specifically shows SOV order, but Circassian allows any order. Georgian has an ergative alignment, but the agent is...

campaigns (1687–1689), when he, with his army of Nogais, Kumyks, and Circassians, helped stop the Russian invasion. Shahbaz Giray's first recorded campaign...

worker programme, and his wife Gülbeyaz Albayrak. The Albayraks are of Circassian origin (Hatuqwai and Kabarday). He graduated from Istanbul University...

Seventh Coalition Russian conquest of the Caucasus Caucasian War Russo-Circassian War Murid War Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

Georgians and Circassians continued to be exported to the Ottoman Empire via the Georgian and Circassian slave trade. In the context of the Circassian slave trade...

Infobox opera is being considered for merging. › La circassienne (The Circassian Woman) is an opera (opéra comique) in three acts composed by Daniel Auber...

Known as a ruthless general with no mercy, he took an active part in the Circassian genocide. Born in 1750 in the noble family of Antonovich in the Kharkiv...

Lalla Ruqaya. Originally, a Circassian slave concubine purchased from Hajj Lʿarbi al-Humaydi Bricha alongside another Circassian concubine, Amina. She became...

Lydian Phrygian Armenian Baltic Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian Caucasian Circassian Georgian Ossetian Vainakh Celtic Irish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic...

Амбер-иԥа Абашь; 1890 – 1953) was the rider of the Abkhazian hundreds of the Circassian cavalry regiment of the Caucasian native division during the First World...

election, 2012 The Abaza Family, Egypt's largest aristocratic family of Circassian Abazin origin. Mohammed Ahmed Sadek, Egyptian army general Ahmed Subhy...

to the Emperor"). On 25 March 1915, Broz was wounded in the back by a Circassian cavalryman's lance and captured during a Russian attack near Bukovina...

Yevdakimov, who supervised the operations of Circassian genocide during the 1860s, dehumanised Muslim Circassians as "a pestilence" to be expelled from their...

population. These groups include long-established communities such as Circassians, Armenians, and Christians, as well as large populations of Palestinians...

or, rarely, Cerkez, is a Romanian surname that means "Circassian". A community of Circassians existed in Northern Dobruja during the 19th century. Notable...

citizens (abroad) Ethnic minorities Armenians Assyrians Azerbaijanis Circassians Georgians Kurds Jews Turkmen Religion Islam Baháʼí Faith (persecution)...

commanders General Georges Catroux and General Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme enters the city, escorted by French Circassian cavalry (Gardes tcherkesses)....

or Onya Moshe Perrad (Arabic: أمينة داود محمد المفتي; 1939–2008) was a Circassian-Jordanian spy for the Israeli Mossad, who left Islam and converted to...

(Adyghe: Джанбэч ыкъо Алэджыкъу; also known as Elyok) was a 16th-century Circassian prince and military leader of the Principality of Hatuqay. Led by him...

Turco-Circassian officers. This broad effort at reform was opposed by European interests, many of the large landowners, the Turkish and Circassian elite...

Yegerukaevtsy) were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. There is also a small town...

Russian expansion into Circassia during the early stages of the Russo-Circassian War, particularly after the establishment of the Mozdok fortress in 1763...

Its population is 423 (2022). The village is populated by Kabardian Circassians. Mahalle Archived 2015-07-06 at the Wayback Machine, Turkey Civil Administration...

59–71 in a late edition of The Fair Circassian available online at Google Books: Samual Croxall, The Fair Circassian, accessed 19 August 2010 The 8th edition...

Lydian Phrygian Armenian Baltic Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian Caucasian Circassian Georgian Ossetian Vainakh Celtic Irish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic...

women, but white girls, typically of Circassian or Georgian origin. However, they were very expensive. Both Circassian and Georgian women were systematically...

Pyatigorsk (Russian: Пятиго́рск; Circassian: Псыхуабэ, Psıxwabæ) is a city in Stavropol Krai, Russia, located on the Podkumok River, about 20 kilometers...

(males and females), Druze (males only), and Circassians (males only). Because the Druze and Circassian communities are less populous, their women are...

Mountain ASSR (present-day Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia) Result White-Circassian victory Belligerents Russian State Kabardians Russian SFSR Balkars Commanders...

Lydian Phrygian Armenian Baltic Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian Caucasian Circassian Georgian Ossetian Vainakh Celtic Irish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic...

Mohamed Ali Farouk, also known as Muhammad Ali (Arabic: الأمير محمد على، أمير الصعيد [mæˈħæm.mæd ˈʕæli]; born 5 February 1979), is an Egyptian businessman...

populations, with smaller communities of ethnic Turkmen, Armenians, Circassians, and Yazidis. Independent organizations providing healthcare in the region...

she is often referred to as being of Circassian heritage; though, in Persian, the word Cherkes (چرکس, 'Circassian') is sometimes applied generally to peoples...

Sayyida Meyyan bint Shihab Al Said (Arabic: ميان بنت شهاب آل سعيد) is an Omani artist and member of the royal family. She was previously married to Sayyid...

(Russian: Тлецерук, Turkish: Tletseruk/Tleseruk Ailesi) is a prehistoric Circassian family lineage belonging to the Shapsug tribe of the Adyghe, one of the...

1968 Can (album), 1979 Can (South Korean band) Can (name), Turkish and Circassian given name and surname can (verb), the modal of possibility in English...

1790 – 11 September 1837), was a Tunisian politician of Circassian origin. From the Circassian slave trade to a mamluk of Hammuda ibn Ali, of high rank...

regions, including Sub-Saharan Africa (mainly Zanj), the Caucasus (mainly Circassians), Central Asia (mainly Tartars), and Central and Eastern Europe (mainly...

Seventh Coalition Russian conquest of the Caucasus Caucasian War Russo-Circassian War Murid War Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)...

were sent on The Eastern Front to fight against the Russian Army and Circassian bandits. A soldier who has survived the battle, an unnamed Croat, takes...

abandoned. The present village was founded by Circassians from the Caucasus after the ethnic cleansing of Circassians by the Russian Empire in the second half...

and the Amirs of Sind. Hopkirk views "unofficial" British support for Circassian anti-Russian fighters in the Caucasus (c. 1836 – involving David Urquhart...

1965 census. Main article: 1927 Turkish Census Turkish Kurdish Arabic Circassian Greek Armenian Yiddish Districts by predominant language Main article:...

Lydian Phrygian Armenian Baltic Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian Caucasian Circassian Georgian Ossetian Vainakh Celtic Irish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic...

Cossacks raped Muslim Circassian women. Russians raped Circassian girls during the 1877 Russo-Turkish war from the Circassian refugees who were settled...

chief consort (BaşKadin) of Sultan Abdulmejid I of the Ottoman Empire. Of Circassian and Georgian origin, Servetseza Kadın belonged to the Temruko princely...

a Circassian craftsman and musician. He currently lives in the Republic of Adygea, and he is well known in the North Caucasus and among Circassian diaspora...

and to lesser degree by small minorities of Baháʼís, Samaritans and Circassians. As of 1931, the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine was 26...

imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system...

Nayef and she has Circassian origin. She is the daughter of Adnan Mawloud Kalimat (d. on 12 September 2019), leader of the Circassians tribal council of...

imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system...

the East Turkestan Government in Exile announced its recognition of the Circassian genocide. Turkistan Islamic Party East Turkestan independence movement...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

1946) was a Circassian linguist, folklorist, educator, and campaigner against illiteracy. He was one of the initiators and founders of Circassian studies...

population of 371 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Circassians from the Abadzekh tribe, who profess Sunni Islam. In the late 19th-century...

Seventh Coalition Russian conquest of the Caucasus Caucasian War Russo-Circassian War Murid War Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)...

re-establishment of the sultanate 397 years later under Hussein Kamel in 1914. A Circassian who like his predecessors, had been a domestic slave of the palace, Tuman...

seeking to reclaim inherited lands had formed an alliance with the Western Circassian principalities. He supported the exiled Tokhtamish family and brought...

Regardless, he is honored as a national hero among the Chechens and Circassians in the current day. Uscherman was born around the year 1760 to a poor...

until her death. Reftarıdil Kadın (1838 – 3 March 1936). Second Kadın. Circassian of the Hatko family. She gave birth to a son. Şayan Kadın (4 January 1853...

of annihilating Circassian en masse, burning entire Circassian villages with the people in it and encouraging violation of Circassian women and children...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

inhabited by Circassians. Along most of the Circassian coast, the mountains came right down to the sea and the population was Circassian. Further south...

Viktors Arājs Herberts Cukurs Other nationalities Tscherim Soobzokov (Circassian) Aarne Kauhanen (Finnish) Assistance Organizations Ratlines State involvement...

with slave origin came from the Black Sea slave trade; around a hundred Circassian males intended for Mamluks were being trafficked via the Black Sea slave...

Seventh Coalition Russian conquest of the Caucasus Caucasian War Russo-Circassian War Murid War Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)...

conquest of Champa East Timor genocide Europe and North Asia Bosnian genocide Circassian genocide Chechen genocide Cromwellian conquest of Ireland Generalplan...

home?" read part of the message sent to the office of Özdemir, who has Circassian roots. The death threats were condemned by Angela Merkel, and Interior...

Lydian Phrygian Armenian Baltic Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian Caucasian Circassian Georgian Ossetian Vainakh Celtic Irish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic...

long pre-dated their presence, including from that of the Cumans and the Circassian Kassaks. In contrast, Slavic settlements in southern Ukraine started to...

massacres took place between Bulgarians and Caucasian Muslims, such as Circassians and Abazas, who were expelled from the Caucasus by the Russian Empire...

spring of 1555, Devlet led an army into the North Caucasus to deal with Circassians who had defected to the Russians. When Ivan learned of this, he sent...

and Karachay-Cherkessia. See Circassia. It is known that modern-day Circassians also called Kassogs were inhabiting that area since at least the 6th...

cauliflower. A similar dish of boiled chicken with walnut paste is known as Circassian chicken in Turkish, Levantine, and Egyptian cuisine, as well as aquz in...

inverse in Circassian languages. STUF - Language Typology and Universals. 73: 81-111. 10.1515/stuf-2019-0028. Arkadiev, Peter M. (2017). "Circassian directional...

‹ The template Infobox play is being considered for merging. › The Fair Circassian is a 1781 tragedy by the British writer Samuel Jackson Pratt. It is an...

Empire. Aside from Turks, members and supporters were mostly Albanians, Circassians, Kurds, Armenians, Greeks, Jews, and Arabs. Jewish and Arab members of...

Adriatic Littoral. The political entity had dual leadership representing the Circassian population and the Cossack population which had been settled by the order...

Bosnian and Kosovo Wars), the Rwandan genocide, the Tamil genocide, the Circassian genocide, the Congolese conflicts, the War in Darfur, the South Sudanese...

Sarkel and Tamatarkha, and reached as far as the Caucasian Kassogians/Circassians and then back to Kiev. Sarkel fell in 965, with the capital city of Atil...

Chicken tikka masala Chicken Vesuvio Chimaek Chikuzenni Chilli chicken Circassian chicken Cola chicken Coq au vin Country Captain Dak-bokkeum-tang Dapanji...

Ivan Maashuk Kanukov (Russian: Иван (Маашук) Кануков) was a 16th century Circassian prince and military leader of the Principality of Besleney. He converted...

the Caucasus. Some rural and urban Palestinians have Albanian, Bosnian, Circassian, or other non-Arab ancestry due to the legacy of the Ottoman period, which...

Georgian Anna Khanum Abbas II Circassian Nakihat Khanum Suleiman I of Persia Circassian Unknown Sultan Husayn Circassian After the Siege of Isfahan Unknown...

Chicken tikka masala Chicken Vesuvio Chimaek Chikuzenni Chilli chicken Circassian chicken Cola chicken Coq au vin Country Captain Dak-bokkeum-tang Dapanji...

(CBS). Homs Governorate. (in Arabic) Jaimoukha, Amjad. The Circassians of Syria: Opting for the Rightful Cause Circassian Voices. 12 July 2012. v t e...

for Ethem the Circassian]. Yeni Asya (in Turkish). Istanbul. Uğurlu, Nurer (2007). Çerkez Ethem Kuvvetleri Kuvayı Seyyare [Circassian Ethem Forces Kuvayi...

Karachay Uprising of 1855 was a rebellion by the Karachay people and Circassian mountain tribes against the Russian Empire during the Caucasian War. This...

theories, in part, may have been from: Ancient Caucasian peoples like the Circassians, Georgians, Durdzuks, and Armenians. The Oghuric Bulgars and Khazars...

conquest of Champa East Timor genocide Europe and North Asia Bosnian genocide Circassian genocide Chechen genocide Cromwellian conquest of Ireland Generalplan...

Georgian, or a Circassian Woman; to begin with the King, who commonly is a Georgian, or a Circassian by the Mother's side. Circassians alongside the Georgians...

Tarator Turkish cold bulgur soup Yoğurt Cheeses Beyaz peynir Braided cheese Circassian cheese Civil peyniri Çömlek cheese Dolaz cheese Hellim Kars gravyer cheese...

conquest of Champa East Timor genocide Europe and North Asia Bosnian genocide Circassian genocide Chechen genocide Cromwellian conquest of Ireland Generalplan...

Mehmet Hulusi Conk (1881 – January 10, 1950) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army. He is known for his achievements during the Gallipoli...

miquelet lock, a type of flintlock mechanism known for its reliability. Circassian versions are noted for their miquelet locks with particularly long and...

Bergüzar Gökçe Korel Ergenç (née Korel; Turkish pronunciation: [beɾɟyˈzaːɾ koˈɾel æɾˈɟentʃ]) is a Turkish actress. Korel made her debut as Leyla in Kurtlar...

reaching the age of majority, young Girays were brought up in one of the Circassian tribes, where they were instructed in the arts of war. The Giray Khans...

from the Black Sea. When the Crimean slave trade was discontinued, the Circassian slave trade continued to supply the area of Syria and Lebanon with white...

4%) Circassian (13.2%) Abazins (8.2%) Nogais (1.5%) Other (6.0%) In 2021, the population included: Russians (45.5%) Karachays (23.8%) Circassians (16%)...

conquest of Champa East Timor genocide Europe and North Asia Bosnian genocide Circassian genocide Chechen genocide Cromwellian conquest of Ireland Generalplan...

surrender. He sought followers in the Western Caucasus, inhabited by the Circassians. This may have also been motivated by the greater attention he was receiving...

imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system...

imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system...

of Jewish soldiers, all citizens including large numbers of Druze and Circassian men are subject to mandatory conscription. Originally, they served in...

imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system...

imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system...

Yedisu District, Bingöl Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Circassians and Kurds and had a population of 122 in 2021. "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri...

Srebrenica Chechen (and Ingush) Deportation Crimean Tatar Deportation Circassian Algerians Palestinian Arab Sabra and Shatila Gazan Libyan Sri Lankan Tamil...

1891) was the fourth consort of Sultan Murad V of the Ottoman Empire. Of Circassian origin, Meyliservet was born on 21 October 1859 in the Caucasus. She had...

with a minority of Circassians, who settled in the Danube Vilayet between 1855 and 1862, and a second one of some 35,000 Circassian families (140,000–175...

Би́тов, 27 May 1937 – 3 December 2018) was a prominent Russian writer of Circassian ancestry. Bitov was born in Leningrad. His father was an architect and...

Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Tserkezoi is the Greek name of the Circassians who inhabited Cyprus in the late 19th century. There is another article...

(1787–1792) and the Russo-Circassian War Siege of Anapa (1791), a battle in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) and the Russo-Circassian War Siege of Anapa (1828)...

with cow milk) and molded into a wooden basket. Circassian smoked cheese is a smoked low-fat Circassian cheese, especially produced in the eastern Marmara...

Under his leadership, Iran developed the gholam system where thousands of Circassian, Georgian, and Armenian slave-soldiers joined the civil administration...

further aggravated by the need to accommodate more than 600,000 Muslim Circassians, expelled by the Russians from the Caucasus, to the Black Sea ports of...

school of jurisprudence and championed the Maturidi school of theology. A Circassian, al-Kawthari was born in Düzce, Ottoman Empire and studied at the Fatih...

Gudastviri (Georgia (country)) Tsimboni (Georgia (country) )(Adjara) Shuvyr (Circassians ) Sahbr, Shapar (Chuvashia) Tulug (Azerbaijan) Volynka (Ukrainian: Волинка)...

the Tatar region of Crimea, the area around the Kuban River, and the Circassian lands. The modern history of the region follows the fall of the Golden...

Central Asia, and is also popular with Cossacks, who adopted it from the Circassians. When performing dzhigitovka, the riders at full gallop stand up, jump...

Circassian minority, the Druze have been required by law to serve in the Israel Defense Forces since 1956. However, as is the case for the Circassian...

10,000 Circassians. Koyuncu lists between 11,000 and 20,000 Tatars and Circassians, while Mehmet Çetinkaya claims that some 6,000 Circassian families...

Mihail Mikhailovich Chemiakin or Shemyakin (Russian: Михаил Михайлович Шемякин; born 4 May 1943) is a Russian-American painter, stage designer, sculptor...

separate Kabardino-Balkaria into Kabardin and Balkar administrative units (Circassian nationalists also share this goal) Likewise, the movement to separate...

conquest of Champa East Timor genocide Europe and North Asia Bosnian genocide Circassian genocide Chechen genocide Cromwellian conquest of Ireland Generalplan...

Chicken tikka masala Chicken Vesuvio Chimaek Chikuzenni Chilli chicken Circassian chicken Cola chicken Coq au vin Country Captain Dak-bokkeum-tang Dapanji...

to 1831. The Mamluk ruling elite, composed principally of Georgian and Circassian origin from Caucasian officers, succeeded in asserting autonomy from their...

African Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Neoshamanism Ossetian...

popular choice for Druze recruits, and also including many soldiers from Circassian, Arab Christian, and Bedouin backgrounds. The Border Police was founded...

Murat Gökhan Bardakçı (born 25 December 1955) is a Turkish journalist working on Ottoman history and the history of music in Turkey. He was also a columnist...

Tarator Turkish cold bulgur soup Yoğurt Cheeses Beyaz peynir Braided cheese Circassian cheese Civil peyniri Çömlek cheese Dolaz cheese Hellim Kars gravyer cheese...

Europe Baltic Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Belarusian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Northern Europe Danish Faroese Greenlandic...

Lydian Phrygian Armenian Baltic Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian Caucasian Circassian Georgian Ossetian Vainakh Celtic Irish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Frankish Gothic...