The capture of the tanker Tuapse occurred on 23 June 1954, when a civilian Soviet ship was captured and confiscated by the Republic of China Navy in the high seas near the Philippines and the sailors were detained in Taiwan for various periods with three deaths, until the last four were released in 1988.[1][2]
The New York Times reported that 67 foreign civilian ships were attacked by local pirates between September 1949 and October 1954, as half of them were British vessels, whereas actually 141 interference incidents were reported by the Royal Navy in the routine "Formosa Strait Patrol" operations since October 31, 1949,[10] and recorded in 37 British diplomatic protestation documents,[11][12] with each containing multiple protests up to seven attacks,[13] showing the anti-British atmosphere within the ROC and the KMT high-rank circle, even on the armed intervention of the Royal Navy escorting the British vessels from ROCN warships.[14][11][1] The Western Enterprise Incorporated (WEI), supported by the Office of Policy Coordination of the Central Intelligence Agency, assisted in the operations.[15][16]
On 13 February 1951, a fleet of 3 ROCS destroyers under the direct orders of ROC PresidentChiang Kai-shek captured the Norwegian civilian cargo ship Hoi Houw at 24°13'N 123°18'E within Japanese waters among the Yaeyama Islands.[10] On 17–19 February, the British civilian mercantile Nigelock (former HMSNigella K19, Flower-class corvette), full of fruits and vegetables, and the freighter Josephine Moller were attacked by ROC Anti-Communist National Salvation Army [zh] (ACNSA, under the command of General Hu Zongnan) gunboats near the Chekiang coast in the East China Sea, but both escaped.[17] On 15 April 1951, the Panamanian civilian cargo ship Perico was captured by the ROC Navy at 25°31'N 123°48'E, north of Taketomi Island.[10] By 7 December 1952, Captain Robert Adam was also killed by machine gun without warning even though his British freighter Rosita had cooperated in the full stop off the Fuzhousea lane; then Rosita was hijacked and sailed to Matsu before being released.[18][12][13] Nonetheless, she was attacked again next year, marking her thirteenth time since 1950.[19]
Nevertheless, the piracy activities of attack, killing and confiscation known to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, British Hong Kong and Australian media coverages intensified in the summer of 1953 after Joseph Stalin's death and the Korean Armistice Agreement.[19][18][12][10] On 26 July, the British freighter Inchkilda (former SS Fort WilhelmusN3-S-A2) was attacked by 3 ROC-ACNSA gunboats south of the Wuqiu region, and was rescued by HMS Unicorn (I72, light aircraft carrier) after receiving the distress call;[20][21] then Inchkilda was seized by the ROC Navy again on 24 October 1954, but received British and American diplomatic support to be released.[22] On 16 August 1953, Nigelock was captured by the ROC Navy toward the Magong military port in Penghu, but was rescued by HMS St Brides Bay (K600, Bay-class frigate);[23] it was intercepted again by ROCS Huangpu PC-105 (PC-461-class submarine chaser) and was rescued by the destroyerHMS Cockade (R34) on 24 August.[24][25] The Italian civilian freighter Maribu was also attacked by gunboats on 31 July 1953, and the Danish civilian freighter Heinrich Jessen on 9 August - both were hijacked first to the Kinmen sea area to shift members, then formally confiscated in Keelung.[10] At 18:00, 4 October, 2 ROCS destroyers captured the Polish civilian oil tanker Praca with 9,019 tons of cargo at 21°06'N 122°48'E in the West Pacific Ocean, 125 nautical miles southeast of Taiwan. 29 Polish sailors and 17 Chinese sailors from the PRC were transferred to a military detention center in Zuoying.[26]
In early April 1954, the ROC Air Force and Navy conducted a carpet search for the Czechoslovak civilian cargo ship Julius Fucik, but failed to catch her in the Yaeyama sea area of the Pacific Ocean.[10] At 14:20, 12 May, another Polish civilian cargo ship, the Prezydent Gottwald, carrying 7,066 tons of lathes and medicines, was shelled by a fleet of 3 ROCS destroyers, at 20°30'N, 128°07'E, east of Batanes Islands and south of Okinawa Island. It was then attacked again at 15:20 and captured at 23°45'N 128°35'E. 33 Polish sailors and 12 Chinese sailors from the PRC were first detained in Keelung, then transferred to Zuoying together.[10][27] The victim sailors' families of both Polish ships appealed to the United Nations Economic and Social Council Session 18 on ROC's piracy conducts on high sea obstructing international trade and cooperation.[10]
The tanker Praca was renamed ROCS Helan (AOG-305, 賀蘭) and the transportPrezydent Gottwald was renamed ROCS Tianzhu (AK-313, 天竺), and both were commissioned into the ROC Navy.[28] 61 out of 62 Polish sailors were released through Polish and United States diplomatic intervention, while one was found dead in a park with signs of torture,[29] while the 29 Chinese sailors were imprisoned in the Green Island Prison. 11 were rescued by the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1956, 3 staff leaders were executed, 1 died in prison, and 5 died due to sickness or accidents. Eventually 5 survivors were released and returned to the PRC after martial law was lifted in 1987, and 4 chose to stay in Taiwan.[26][30]
Capture
On 21 June 1954, the civilian tanker Tuapse with 49 crew members, which sailed from Odessa and was loaded with 11,702 tons of Romaniankerosene from Constanța in the Black Sea with the scheduled delivery to Shanghai and Vladivostok, arrived in Victoria Harbour in British Hong Kong to resupply. On 23 June it passed through the international seaway of Balintang Channel in Bashi Straits, eastbound toward the west Pacific Ocean.[31] It was intercepted at 19°35′00″N120°39′00″E / 19.58333°N 120.65000°E / 19.58333; 120.65000 north of Luzon Island by a ROC taskforce led by Admiral Ma Ji-zhuang (馬紀壯上將), Commander-in-Chief of the ROC Navy,[8][32][33] in charge on board the flagshipTan Yang DD-12 (former Japanese Imperial NavyYukikaze, transferred to ROCS after WWII[34]), with the permission of President Chiang Kai-shek to sink the target if encountering resistance. Three rounds of 127 mm navalDP gun shots were fired near the bow to force the oil tanker in full stop, then an assault team led by Captain Chiu Zhong-ming (邱仲明上校, who had also led the assault on the Prezydent Gottwald two months earlier) with over 100 seamen and marines boarded to seize the ship, then Admiral Ma himself moved to Tuapse in command.[27] Three sailors trying to save the Soviet flag ripped off by soldiers were struck down by rifle butts, and two engineers proceeding the mechanical self-destruction sequence were beat up hard by seamen breaking into the engineering room.[35] The ship with its oil content was towed to the Port of Kaohsiung for intelligence examination with samples collected for chemical analysis in Okinawa, and the oil was immediately pumped out to the military storage.[36] The crew, including the only female crew, bartender Olga Popov, were divided in 3 groups roughly by age to be transported to different locations for interrogation with no cross contact to each other allowed, and Captain Vitaly A. Kalinin was denied permission to visit the other groups.[37][36] ROC military later claimed that such isolation measures as the required humanitarian help due to the captain ordering the crew in hunger strike protest.[38]
Tuapse's final distress signal before the radio station was silenced and smashed was transmitted through Vladivostok to Moscow and Odessa.[37] Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of USSR, V.A. Zorin, summoned the Ambassador of USA, Charles Bohlen in Moscow on 24 June 1954 to deliver a strong protest; the ROC Government admitted to the operation on 25 June.[39] The Black Sea Shipping Company continued to distribute the victims' wages to their families throughout the following years.[35]
The First Taiwan Strait Crisis started on 3 September 1954.[52] On 8 September, A colonel arrived to announce the order of ROC Chief of the General Staff, General Peng Meng-ji (彭孟緝上將, aka. "Kaohsiung Butcher" due to his brutality against civilians during the Feb. 28 Massacre and the White Terror era[53][54]) to the crew, declaring that "The Third World War has begun - the tanker and cargo have been confiscated, and the crew are officially treated as prisoners of war",[36] then they were beaten, tortured and received only starving rations, causing hearing, vision, teeth and finger damages.[35] Sailor L. Anfilov lost all his teeth; N. Voronov tried to escape, but was seized and placed in a psychiatric facility and subjected to mock executions; Engineer Ivan Pavlenko slashed his own throat with a blade to commit suicide, but did not die.[35] 20 young Ukrainian, Russian and Moldovan sailors under pressure signed an application demanding for political asylum in the United States.[55]
On 8 September 1954, eight nations including the United Kingdom, United States, France, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines,... signed the Manila Pact to form the collective defense alliance Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), but ROC was subsequently opposed and excluded, then was never able to join another regional security organization in the twentieth century.[56] The adversities of crisis management argued the rational integrity within the policy making structure and processing among the government branches as various factors such as public opinions, moral principles, international laws, allies' positions, and policy announcements had little effects in consideration to avoid the contradiction accumulating until the outbreak of conflicts forcing in response and losing control on initiatives.[57]
Next day on 31 July, PRC returned 11 American servicemen who were on a USAFB-29bomber shot down above the Yalu River area in North Korea on 12 January 1953.[65][41] One day later on 1 August, the PRC ambassador to Poland, Wang Bingnan met the United States Ambassador to Czechoslovakia, U. Alexis Johnson in Geneva, Switzerland to establish the first direct communication channel in history later known as the "Warsaw Talks" for diplomatic normalization, which Chiang strongly opposed.[66][67] One week later on 8 August, the United States Embassy to Japan began to investigate the piracy attack with casualties on the Ryukyuan fishery boat Daisan Seitoku Maru (第三正德丸) by two gunboats of about 40 soldiers wearing the ROC flags and uniforms on the disputed territorial water 25°44'N, 123°28'E of Senkaku Islands on 2 March,[68] where the ROC-ACNSA shortly stationed after the Dachen Retreat,[69] but the ROC Ministry of National Defense (MND) denied all the over fifty presented evidence, and claimed that they were framed by a PRC spy operation. The Japanese ship owner also arrived in Taipei to appeal a civil lawsuit, but was denied of compensation later.[68]
Since 25 May 1955, the secret police of Bureau of Investigation and Statistics (BIS) under the command of Mao Renfeng had started to arrest the subordinates of General Sun Li-jen to interrogate with torture for being pro-American in an allegedly coup d'état to collaborate with the CIA to take control of Taiwan to declare the independence;[70][71][72] till October, over 300 officers were arrested and imprisoned for the high treason by the conspired revolt with the Communist spies. Sun was also put in the house arrest for 33 years until 20 March 1988, only shortly before the release of the crew of Tuapse, Praca and Prezydent Gottwald.[73][72]
Tanker Tuapse was renamed ROCS Kuaiji (AOG-306, 會稽), commissioned in the ROC Navy with 22 commissioned officers and 88 enlisted rank seamen on 20 October 1955, to deliver aviation fuel for ROCAF monthly alongshore before the transit pipeline across the island was constructed.[31]Taiwan Navigation Co., Ltd. tried to acquire the ship in 1960, but was turned down because the ship was registered as stolen vessel with the IMO/IMB, so it could not enter the territorial waters of UN countries; the ship was often idle in port.[26][41] She was retired on 1 October 1965, and laid down permanently in Kaohsiung Harbor.[41]
Aftermath
Chief telegraphist Michael Ivankov-Nikolov, accountant Nikolay I. Vaganov, Valentin A. Lukashkov, Viktor M. Ryabenko, Alexander P. Shirin, Mikhail I. Shishin, Viktor S. Tatarnikov, Venedikt P. Eremenko and Viktor Solovyov left with the assistance of the Church World Service to the United States in October 1955.[77] Two of them appeared in a Voice of America (VOA) radio broadcast to criticize the Soviet system;[78] but in April 1956, Vaganov, Lukashkov, Ryabenko, Shirin and Shishin appeared at the Soviet Embassy and returned to the USSR.[79] Vaganov was arrested in 1963 for the Anti-Soviet agitation on the VOA broadcast,[78] and sentenced by the Gorky Regional Court to ten years in prison for treason.[36][79] He served seven years and was pardoned in 1970. In August 1992, the Presidium of the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Court recognized Vaganov as correctly convicted, but he was eventually rehabilitated by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Eremenko and Tatarnikov joined the United States Army. Solovyov settled in New York.[77]
In 1959, the Odessa Regional Court sentenced in absentia the sailors who never returned to the USSR - Tatarnikov, Ivankov-Nikolov, Eremenko and Solovyov - to death for treason. After appearing in anti-Soviet speeches in Washington, D.C., Ivankov-Nikolov lost his mind and was handed over to the Soviet Embassy, returning to the USSR in 1959;[36][35] he did not face judicial proceedings, since he was declared mentally ill and placed in a psychiatric hospital in Kazan, where he spent over 20 years.[44][37]
Sailors L. F. Anfilov, Vladimir I. Benkovich, Pavel V. Gvozdik and N. V. Zibrov accepted an intelligence assignment to leave for Brazil with Polish passports by the end of 1957, then appeared at the Soviet Consulate in Uruguay and returned to the USSR next year.[80] However they were arrested after a press conference and sentenced to 15 years in prison for treason.[35] Later the sentences were reduced to 12 years, and further released with a pardon in 1963. They were rehabilitated in 1990.[44]
Sailors Valentin I. Kniga, Vsevolod V. Lopatyuk, Vladimir A. Sablin and Boris Pisanov, who withdrew the political asylum applications, were sentenced to 10 years in prison by the trial in absentia in a ROC court-martial as per the Martial Law system,[78] which mandated all the civilian cases tried by the military courts.[81] They spent seven years in prison before being placed under the guarded house arrest in various military quarters in Hsinchu and Tainan mountain areas till lastly to the Yilan suburb under the custody of Taiwan Garrison Command,[82] where a ROC Foreign Ministry official spoke on condition of anonymity that they requested the political asylum in Taiwan and were being treated as refugees without torture.[83][84] Following the Sino-Soviet split, Soviet journalist Victor Louis visited the Minister of National Defense, Chiang Ching-kuo in Taipei in October 1968, and was allowed to bring the sailors some family letters which they had not received for thirteen years; then held several meetings with the Minister of ROC Government Information Office, James Wei in Vienna after the Conflict of Zhenbao Island in March 1969 to achieve a mutual agreement on releasing all the remaining crew in ROC military custody in 1970;[85] but this agreement was not honoured or realized, until after martial law was lifted, as the reporting of the Independence Evening Post and the advocacy of AmislegislatorTsai Chung-han for the detainees' human rights drewing public attention to the situation.[8][86][45]
With the new amnesty for all political prisoners issued by the first local Taiwanese president Lee Teng-hui after President Chiang Ching-kuo's death in 1988, they were finally released along with 5 Chinese detainees of the Praca and Prezydent Gottwald crews, and free to leave with the assistance of the Soviet Consul in Singapore, A. I. Tkachenko, to go home after 34 years in the military captivity.[82][37] The last crew member, cook Vsevolod Lopatyuk accepted a teacher job offer with the ROC nationality,[84][38] but returned to Ukraine in 1993 after three years of bedridden sickness and a stroke.[87]
Sailor Zhorka M. Dimov suffered from the continual beating and bleeding without medical care and committed suicide in 1975; Mikhail M. Kalmazan died of sickness afterwards; Anatoly V. Kovalev died in a psychiatric facility. Their corpses were not returned-family members were later shocked upon receiving postal-mailed ashes.[82][44][35] Nevertheless, ROC military records claim the opposite, that they were well-treated and died of illnesses.[38]
The communication barriers with the Tuapse crew exposed the issue of lacking interpreters and translators in need, so Major-general Pu Dao-ming (卜道明少將), who was processing the case, gave the detainees a radio to listen to the news, and received special permission to found the first Russian language course in Taiwanese history at the Foreign Language School of MND in 1957. The exceptional permission was extended later to the public institutes with scholarships offered for specified services, till the taboo finally disappeared with decades of accumulated outstanding practice merits, and the East European cultural and linguistic education are open to the civilian society and academies such as the academies of NCCU, CCU, TKU and FHK today.[45] Pu died during a surgery before re-appealing to Chiang for the crew's release, on 24 May 1964.[82]
The story of Tuapse was depicted in the film Ч. П. — Чрезвычайное происшествие (E.A. — Extraordinary Accident) in two parts in 1958, directed by Viktor Ivchenko where two actors were from the original crew, then became the top film of 1959 in the USSR, with 47.5 million viewers.[92]
The ROC naval traffic blockade status ended on 12 September 1979;[93][5] while the penalties and measures against the vessels, crews and companies involving in the trade with PRC remained until 15 January 1992.[6][9]
In 1996, the Russian Government awarded a medal to each of the living Tuapse survivors.[31]
ROCS Kuaiji (AOG-306) maintained the record as the largest vessel in the ROC Navy history with the 18,000 tons of displacement until 23 January 2015, when the modern ROCS Pan Shi (AOE-532) with the 20,630 tons of maximum flexible displacement launched in service.[94][95][96]
In 2005, a marble plaque in memory of Tuapse and her crew was erected in front of the passenger terminal building of the Odessa Port of Ukraine, where her final journey of no return began.[31][40]
^ abcLin, Hung-i (2008). "Chapter 1"(PDF). <封鎖大陸沿海──中華民國政府的「關閉政策」, 1949-1960> [Blockading the China coast: the "port-closure policy" of ROC government, 1949-1960] (M.D. thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). National Chengchi University. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
^ abNational Archives Administration, National Development Council (8 January 2009). "封鎖共區" [Blockade the Commie Area] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archival Resources for Teaching. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
^ abcZhen-hsiang, Li (8 January 2009). "反共抗俄大暴走：1954年陶甫斯號劫船事件" [Anti-communist and anti-Russian rampage: the 1954 Tuapse Hijacking Incident]. Taiwan People News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei. Retrieved 11 March 2021 – via Yahoo News.
^ abcTsai, Jia-yun (14 February 2019). "蔣介石是國際公認海賊王！派軍艦洗劫貨船，連英國、蘇聯都敢惹…揭台灣「海盜王國」黑歷史" [Chiang Kai-shek, the internationally-recognized Pirate King sent warships to rob cargo ships, even the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union dared were provoked... revealing the dark history of Taiwan's "Pirate Kingdom"] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Tainan: The Storm Media Group. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
^ abcdefghijkLin, Hung-I (2008). "Chapter 4，1953-1960"(PDF). 《封鎖大陸沿海──中華民國政府的「關閉政策」，1949-1960》 [Blockading the China coast: the "port-closure policy" of ROC government, 1949-1960] (M.D. thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). National Chengchi University. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ abLin, Hong-yi (December 1017). "從英方檔案看1950年代國府的「關閉政策」" [The 'Port-Closure Policy' of the ROC Government: From the View of the British Consulate in Tamsui, 1950-1960] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Issue 13, Collectanea of History, Department of History, National Chengchi University. pp. 147–187. Retrieved 16 March 2022 – via Angle Publishing.
^ abLin, Hung-I (2008). "Chapter 3"(PDF). <封鎖大陸沿海──中華民國政府的「關閉政策」, 1949-1960> [Blockading the China coast: the "port-closure policy" of ROC government, 1949-1960] (M.D. thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). National Chengchi University. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
^ abcLi, Zhen-hsiang (8 January 2009). "Praca" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiwan News Weekly, ver. 376, Taiwan Association for Truth and Reconciliation. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
^ ab"邱仲明 海軍少將" [Commodore Chiu, Zhong-ming] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Taiwan Flora 12. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
^Rosalak, Maciej (October 2019). "Statki PRL w pułapce Czang Kaj-szeka" [Ships of the Polish People's Republic into Chiang Kai-shek's trap] (in Polish). Orle Pióro. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ abcde"蘇聯油輪圖阿普斯號：1954被中國國民黨劫持至台灣的真實事件解秘" [Demystifying the True Incident of Soviet Tanker Tuapse Hijacked by the KMT to Taiwan in 1954] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 18 June 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
^Huang, Chuang-Hsia (14 July 2016). "《名家論壇》保衛太平島 重振台灣「海賊王」傳統" [<Commentators Forum> Defending Itu Aba Island to revitalize Taiwan's "One Piece" tradition]. NOW News. 台北. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
^"那批腳踏車是怎麽來的 - 海軍一段快被遺忘的故事" [How did those bicycles come from? A almost forgotten ROC Navy story]. 中國國學網-國學寶庫 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei City. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2024 – via United Daily News.
^Navy Memorial Digital Archives - Yang Class Destroyers (1996). "丹陽軍艦" [ROCS Dan-Yang] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Academia Sinica Center for Digital Cultures. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
^ abcdeTurchenko, Sergey (22 March 2001). "РОКОВОЙ РЕЙС ТАНКЕРА "ТУАПСЕ"" [Fatal voyage of the Tanker "Tuapse"] (in Russian). TRUD. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ abcdHsu, Feng-yuan (18 April 2022). "震驚全球的蘇聯陶普斯輪事件" [Incident of the Soviet Tanker Tuapse shocked the globe]. Case of Tuapse, #0043/1571.6/7722, ROC Ministry of National Defencse (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiepi: National Archives Administration, Nation Development Council. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
^ abcdefgLu, Ming-an (8 January 2009). "蔣介石的劫船事件與蘇聯電影《非常事件》真相" [The Truth Behind Chiang Kai-shek's Hijack Incident and the Soviet Movie «Extraordinary Accident»] (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Chinese University of Hong Kong中國研究服務中心. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
^ abWu, Wei; Zhang, Zhong-jiang (19 May 2009). "前"西方公司"成員披露:美中情局助台反攻大陸內情(2)" [Former "Western Company" member disclosed the inside story of the Central Intelligence Agency assisting Taiwan in retaling Chinese Mainland (Part 2)] (in Chinese (China)). China News. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
^"老蔣的「反攻復國」夢" [Chinese Reunification Dream of Chiang Sr.] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Republic of China History and Culture Society. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
^Yang, Lang (9 March 2000). "戰爭邊緣：對砲擊金門的戰略回顧（一）" [On the edge of war: A strategy review on the Kinmen Bombardment (Part 1)] (in Chinese (China)). Warship Information. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
^鐵索寒 (14 September 2015). "蔣介石的海盜情節" [The Piracy of Chiang Kai-shek] (in Chinese (China)). 紅色文化網. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
^Chen, Ching-chuan (1 March 2011). "高雄市做為東亞人權軸心城市之探討" [The Study of Kaohsiung City as the Core Human Rights City in East Asia] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Law Bank, Journal of Urbanology, Vol 2, Issue 1. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
^Li, Hsiao-feng (28 February 2009). "解讀二二八（節錄本）" [Interpretation of February 28 Incident (Excerpt ver.)] (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Cultural And Educational Foundation, Taiwan. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
^Chang, Chia-sheng (July 2011). "Chapter 3". 一九五○年代美國與臺灣關係之探討 [The Research on the Relations between the United States and Taiwan in the 1950s] (M.D. thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Graduate Institute of Taiwan History, National Chengchi University. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
^Chang, Su-ya (1 June 2003). 一九五○年代美國對臺決策模式分析 [Patterns of U.S. Policymaking with Respect to Taiwan in the 1950s]. 近代史研究所集刊 (Thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica. doi:10.6353/BIMHAS.200306.0001. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
^Prof. Victor D. Cha (1 January 2010). "Powerplay: Origins of the U.S. Alliance in Asia". International Security. 34 (3 (Winter 2009/10)). President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. doi:10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.158. S2CID57566528.
^ abZhu, Hong-Yuan (10 August 2012). "再論孫立人與郭廷亮「匪諜」案" [Review on the "Bandit Spies" Cases of Sun Li-jen and Guo Ting-liang] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica. Retrieved 4 April 2022 – via Memorial Hall of General Sun Li-jen.
^ abLin, Cheng-yi (December 1989). "韓戰對中美關係的影響" [The Impact of the Korean War on Sino-American Relations] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: American Studies: Volume 19 Number 4, Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
^ abVasilievich, Okorokov A. (21 May 2019). "ЗАХВАТ ТАНКЕРА «ТУАПСЕ». 1954 г." [Capture of the Tnaker 'Tuapse' in 1954] (in Russian). WikiReading. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
^ abcdSlyusarenko, Andrey (11 November 2009). "Плавание длиною в полжизни" [Floating for half a life] (in Ukrainian). Odessa Life. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^Yu, Ke-jie (2000). "台灣與蘇聯的秘密接觸" [The Secret Contact Between Taiwan and the Soviet Union during the Cold War]. Wang Ping Dossier (in Chinese (China)). Shuku Net. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^Chiu, Yi-ling, Wang Hsi (21 March 2019). "敘利亞庫德族在台灣島上的困境" [The Plight of Syrian Kurds on Taiwan Island]. News Center, Public Television Service. Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^韓瑩; 彭耀祖 (26 August 2021). "台灣是否接納阿富汗難民？ 難民法未完成外交部將在能力範圍內協助" [H Does Taiwan Accept Afghan Refugees? The Refugee Law Is Not Enacted, But MFA Will Provide Assistance Within Its Capability] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Public Television Service News. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
^Kai-xuan, Lin (11 September 2019). "《難民法》草案怎麼「撐香港」？我國獨特的難民庇護體制" [How does Our Particular Refugee Asylum System in the Refugee Law Draft Support Hong Kong?] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Plain Law Movement. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^臺灣省政府公報五十二年秋字第三十三期 (7 June 1963). "戡亂時期截斷匪區海上交通辦法" [Measures to Block the Maritime Traffic in the Bandit Areas During the Period of Mobilization for the Suppression of Communist Rebellion] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: National Central Library Gazette Online. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
Caninas, Commander Osvaldo Peçanha. "Rogue Wave: Modern Maritime Piracy and International Law". The Culture & Conflict Review. Monterey, California: United States Naval Postgraduate School.
Burnett, John (2002). Dangerous Waters: Modern Piracy and Terror on the High Seas. Plume. ISBN0-452-28413-9.
Li, Rumu (1 February 1967). "關閉措施與陶普斯號案在國際公法上之研究" [A International Laws Research on the Guanbi Policy and the Tuapse case]. Chas Yang Law Review (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Vol. 33, no. 2. Taipei. pp. 9–17 – via Yuedan Knowledgebase Index.
Chu, Theresa (朱婉琪律師) (30 March 2010). "台灣國際新頁：推動「國際人權五法」立法" [A New Page of Taiwan: Promoting the Legislation of Five International Human Rights Laws] (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiwan New Century Foundation.
.svg){kind=small}
