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Specifications
Specifications
Configuration:;
• Whyte	0-6-0T
• UIC	Cn2t
Driver	2nd coupled axle
Gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Coupled dia.	37+1⁄2 in (952 mm)
Wheelbase	29 ft (8,839 mm) (loco pair)
• Coupled	8 ft (2,438 mm)
Length:;
• Over couplers	21 ft 4 in (6,502 mm)
Height	12 ft (3,658 mm)
Axle load	6 LT (6,096 kg)
Loco weight	18 LT (18,290 kg)
Fuel type	Coal
Firebox:
• Type	Round-top
• Grate area	10 sq ft (0.93 m2)
Boiler:;
• Pitch	6 ft (1,829 mm)
Boiler pressure	125 psi (862 kPa)
Heating surface:
• Firebox	92 sq ft (8.5 m2)
• Tubes	850 sq ft (79 m2)
• Total surface	942 sq ft (87.5 m2)
Cylinders	Two
Cylinder size	13 in (330 mm) bore; 18 in (457 mm) stroke
Valve gear	Stephenson
Couplers	Johnston link-and-pin

Type and origin
Type and origin
	Unless indicated otherwise, data is for a single engine
Power type	Steam
Designer	Robert Stephenson and Company
Builder	Robert Stephenson and Company
Serial number	2257-2258, 2354
Model	Stephenson's Patent back-to-back
Build date	1875, 1879
Total produced	3

CGR 0-6-0T
CGR 0-6-0T
	Drawing of CGR 0-6-0T back-to-back locomotive pair
Power type
Type and origin
	Unless indicated otherwise, data is for a single engine
Power type	Steam
Designer	Robert Stephenson and Company
Builder	Robert Stephenson and Company
Serial number	2257-2258, 2354
Model	Stephenson's Patent back-to-back
Build date	1875, 1879
Total produced	3
Configuration:;
Specifications
Configuration:;
• Whyte	0-6-0T
• UIC	Cn2t
Driver	2nd coupled axle
Gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Coupled dia.	37+1⁄2 in (952 mm)
Wheelbase	29 ft (8,839 mm) (loco pair)
• Coupled	8 ft (2,438 mm)
Length:;
• Over couplers	21 ft 4 in (6,502 mm)
Height	12 ft (3,658 mm)
Axle load	6 LT (6,096 kg)
Loco weight	18 LT (18,290 kg)
Fuel type	Coal
Firebox:
• Type	Round-top
• Grate area	10 sq ft (0.93 m2)
Boiler:;
• Pitch	6 ft (1,829 mm)
Boiler pressure	125 psi (862 kPa)
Heating surface:
• Firebox	92 sq ft (8.5 m2)
• Tubes	850 sq ft (79 m2)
• Total surface	942 sq ft (87.5 m2)
Cylinders	Two
Cylinder size	13 in (330 mm) bore; 18 in (457 mm) stroke
Valve gear	Stephenson
Couplers	Johnston link-and-pin
Tractive effort
Performance figures
Tractive effort	7,600 lbf (34 kN) @ 75%
Operators
Career
Operators	Cape Government Railways
Number in class	3
Numbers	E5-E7
Delivered	1876, 1879
First run	1876
Withdrawn	1912
Scrapped	1912

The Cape Government Railways 0-6-0T back-to-back of 1876 was a South African steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope.

In 1876 the Cape Government Railways placed a pair of Stephenson's Patent permanently coupled back-to-back 0-6-0 T locomotives in service on its Eastern System. They worked out of East London in comparative trials with an experimental 0-6-0+0-6-0 T Fairlie locomotive which was acquired in that same year.^[1]^[2]

A third single locomotive of the same design was delivered to the Eastern System in 1879.^[3]^[4]

Manufacturer

To meet the requirement for more powerful locomotives on the Eastern System of the Cape Government Railways due to the heavy grades on the mainline which was being built out of East London, a pair of Stephenson's Patent permanently coupled back-to-back 0-6-0 T locomotives was ordered from Robert Stephenson and Company in 1875, for experimental purposes. The locomotive pair was shipped on the vessel Claremont and arrived in East London on 1 February 1876, numbered E5 and E6 in the Eastern System's number range. A third single locomotive of the same class, numbered E7 and also built by Robert Stephenson, was delivered in 1879.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[5]

Characteristics

The principle of using two tank locomotives which are permanently coupled at their cab ends was patented by Robert Stephenson and Company in 1855. The arrangement allowed the two locomotives to be operated by a single crew. Since each locomotive had separate regulators and reversers, they were also able to be used independently.^[1]^[6]^[7]

A similar arrangement was later used with the German-built Zwillinge locomotives which saw service on the military-built narrow gauge Feldbahn railway lines in German South West Africa and other German territories, where pairs of individual locomotives lettered A and B were semi-permanently coupled back-to-back.^[1]^[2]^[7]

Locomotive trials

The locomotive pair was placed in service between East London and Belstone on the King William's Town line, where they were evaluated during comparative trials with the experimental CGR Fairlie 0-6-0+0-6-0 which was acquired at the same time.^[1]^[2]^[6]

The trials involved running the two types over 32 miles (51.5 kilometres) of finished track with an allowed time of 2 hours 40 minutes. This required an average speed of 12 miles per hour (19 kilometres per hour), with no time discount granted for watering stops, stops to allow steam pressure to build up or to attend to mechanical problems. The difference in altitude between the starting and terminal stations was 1,624.82 feet (495.25 metres), the sharpest curve was of 5 chains (101 metres) radius and the steepest gradient was 1 in 40. Each type took three trial trains, running alternately, and both types were worked by one driver and one fireman throughout the trials.^[6]

Like the Fairlie, the back-to-back engines performed well on curves. Unlike the Fairlie, however, any imperfections in the track affected them badly, especially while descending down a decline. The back-to-back engines lurched badly and, going down a decline, the trailing engine tended to jerk the leading engine from side to side so severely that power had to be applied to the leading engine in order to keep it steady.^[1]^[2]^[6]

While the poor quality coal from Indwe and Molteno, with a high ash content and a tendency to clinker, had an equally negative effect on the performance of both types, the Fairlie proved to be more economical on coal and water. Only two men were allowed to be working each type during the trials, but on the back-to-back engines this was found to be insufficient since both men were exhausted after the short 32 miles (51.5 kilometres) run.^[1]^[6]

Better results were obtained by separating the back-to-back engines and running them in the conventional double-heading manner with both locomotives facing in the same direction. The downside of this option, however, was that it required two crews.^[2]

Service

It was eventually decided to separate the locomotives permanently, equip them with tenders and use them as shunting engines. In this configuration and application they performed well enough to remain in service until they were scrapped in 1912.^[1]^[2]^[6]

No photograph has yet been found of these locomotives.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Holland, D.F. (1971). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. Vol. 1: 1859–1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, England: David & Charles. pp. 25–28. ISBN 978-0-7153-5382-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Dulez, Jean A. (2012). Railways of Southern Africa 150 Years (Commemorating One Hundred and Fifty Years of Railways on the Sub-Continent – Complete Motive Power Classifications and Famous Trains – 1860–2011) (1st ed.). Garden View, Johannesburg, South Africa: Vidrail Productions. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9 780620 512282.
^ ^a ^b C.G.R. Numbering Revised, Article by Dave Littley, SA Rail May–June 1993, pp. 94-95.
^ Holland, D. F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. Vol. 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, England: David & Charles. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.
^ What were these, 2-6-0T or 0-6-0T?
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1943). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter II - The Adoption of the 3 ft. 6 in. Gauge on the Cape Government Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, August 1943. pp. 592-594.
^ ^a ^b Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 117, 121. ISBN 0869772112.