Pennsylvania had historically been a powerfully Republican state that owing to the industrialization had become Democratic-leaning following the New Deal:[1] 1960 saw Democrats surpass Republicans in registration for the first time since the Civil War.[2] However, the nomination of the second Catholic presidential candidate in John F. Kennedy complicated this issue because most of rural Pennsylvania was powerfully Protestant and extremely hostile to voting for a Catholic,[3] creating the potential for large anti-Democratic swings and trends in the northeastern non-Yankee Pocono Mountains. The Pennsylvania Dutch Country had been similarly hostile to Catholicism throughout the state’s history,[4] and, owing to the opposition to Irish control of the Democratic Party, most of the state’s urban Catholics would, before the New Deal, back dominant Republican machines in which they had no actual political power.[5]
However, in 1958 Pennsylvania – a state historically very reluctant to elect Catholics to major offices – had elected David L. Lawrence as governor. Nevertheless, his margin was much smaller than polls had previously predicted, with decreases vis-à-vis the 1954 gubernatorial election even in heavily Catholic urban counties.[6] Kennedy had emerged as the front-runner for the Democratic nomination but Pennsylvania Democrats were reluctant to run him for fear of an anti-Catholic reaction in traditionally Democratic rural counties. However, lobbying by Boston ArchbishopRichard Cushing meant Governor Lawrence released 64 of the state’s 81 delegates for Kennedy[7] in a bid to stop Adlai Stevenson II from gaining a third nomination.[8]
Pennsylvania narrowly voted for Kennedy over the Republican nominee, Vice PresidentRichard Nixon. Kennedy won Pennsylvania by a slim margin of 2.32%, being aided rather than hindered by his Catholic faith owing to the numerical power of his co-religionists in urban Philadelphia, Lackawanna County, and in the industrial areas around Lake Erie.[6] This clearly outnumbered anti-Catholic sentiment in rural areas, which caused him to lose ground vis-à-vis Adlai Stevenson in 16 rural counties.[6] Kennedy became the first Democrat ever to win the White House without York County and the second to win without Columbia County and Berks County.
Primaries
Pennsylvania held its primaries on April 26.[9][10]
With 81 delegates to the 1960 Democratic National Convention, Pennsylvania was among the largest states to hold a primary.[9] Pennsylvania's nonbinding Democratic primary did not list candidate's names. However, write-in presidential preference votes were allowed. Delegates were elected directly.[9]
By January 1960, the Kennedy campaign became aware of "non-partisan citizen committees" operating in support of Kennedy's candidacy in the state, without any direct connection to his official campaign.[9] However, the state as a whole was still cold on Kennedy.[9] Its liberals were fervent supporters of Adlai Stevenson II, and therefore hoped to see Stevenson nominated for a third time.[9] Philadelphia's Democratic organization, which had a significant sway upon the state's Democratic establishment, was led by William J. Green Jr., who favored the prospective candidacy of Stuart Symington.[9] As the year progressed, Green and other leaders were persuaded by polls to switch their allegiance to Kennedy.[9] Liberal senator Joseph S. Clark Jr. even made it known that Kennedy ranked at least second (behind Stevenson) in his own preference.[9]
However, despite others moving to embrace Kennedy, Governor David L. Lawrence withheld his own support from Kennedy, even as he picked up momentum in the state.[9] Lawrence still reserved hope that Adlai Stevenson could be successfully nominated at the convention.[9] An older Catholic Democrat, Lawrence was public in his belief that the country was still not ready to elect a Catholic president.[9] Kennedy would tell reporters that inquired with him about Lawrence's frequent comments doubting the viability of a Catholic presidential nominee by stating that he was, "deeply disturbed" by them.[9] Referencing Lawrence's own strong victory in the state's 1958 gubernatorial election, Kennedy commented that, "It still behooves him now to be urging that this same opportunity should be denied to others."[9]
Nixon was the only candidate on the Republican primary ballot and won nearly all of the vote. However, thousands of write-in votes were cast for other individuals.[10]
^Kennedy, John J.; Pennsylvania Elections, p. 191 ISBN0761864431
^Menendez, Albert J.; The Religious Factor in the 1960 Presidential Election: An Analysis of the Kennedy Victory Over Anti-Catholic Prejudice, pp. 193, 196 ISBN0786484934
^Menendez, The Religious Factor in the 1960 Presidential Election, p. 195
^Phillips; The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 34
^ abcMcKenna, William J.; ‘The Influence of Religion in the Pennsylvania Elections of 1958 and 1960’; Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, vol. 29, no. 4 (October, 1962), pp. 407-419
^Carty, Thomas; A Catholic in the White House?: Religion, Politics, and John F. Kennedy’s Presidential Campaign, p. 102 ISBN1403981302
^Donaldson, Gary; The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960, p. 75 ISBN0742548007
^ abcdefghijklmnOliphant, Thomas; Wilkie, Curtis (2017). The road to Camelot: Inside JFK's Five-Year Campaign. Simon & Schuster.
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