The first predecessor of the squadron was activated at Langley Field, Virginia in October 1942 as the 523d Bombardment Squadron, one of the original squadrons of the 378th Bombardment Group.[2] One month later, it was redesignated the 2d Antisubmarine Squadron. The squadron was initially equipped with a number of different types of bombers, but by the end of the year had standardized on the Consolidated B-24 Liberator.[1] With the 378th, the squadron engaged in antisubmarine patrols off the east coast of the United States. When the 378th Group was inactivated in December, the unit was assigned directly to the 25th Antisubmarine Wing, which was responsible for Army Air Forces antisubmarine operations off the Atlantic coast of the United States.[3]
In January 1943, it moved to RAF St Eval, Cornwall, being the first of four antisubmarine squadrons to arrive there to participate in the Battle of the Atlantic.[1][4] From St Eval it began flying antisubmarine patrols around England. Although the squadron remained assigned to the 25th Wing, at St Eval, it was attached to the provisional 1st Antisubmarine Group.[1]
In March 1943, the squadron moved to Craw Field, near Port Lyautey, French Morocco, where it was attached to the 2037th Antisubmarine Wing, another provisional organization, until being reassigned to the newly activated 480th Antisubmarine Group.[1] Its mission was to patrol an area of the Atlantic north and west of Morocco. Its antisubmarine activity reached a peak in July, when German U-boats concentrated off the coast of Portugal to intercept Allied convoys bound for the Mediterranean. Its actions protected supply lines for forces involved in Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily.[5] The unit most frequently attacked enemy subs 700 miles off the coast of Spain, in what was termed, the "Coffin Corner." This was an area in which the subs surfaced to recharge their batteries. It was also possible to attack them in this location before they joined up into wolfpacks.[6] The 2d Squadron earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for its combat contributions in the Battle of the Atlantic against German submarines.[1]
The 327th Ferrying Squadron, which was activated at Capodichino Air Base, Italy on 31 May 1944 is the second forerunner of the squadron. The 327th flew cargo, passengers, and mail to destinations in Italy, Sardinia, Corsica, North Africa, and southern France. It moved to the United States in late September 1945 and was inactivated in October.[1]
Operation Ranch Hand
Squadron UC-123B aircraft over Vietnam
In the fall of 1966 Operation Ranch Hand expanded its size with the delivery of eleven additional Fairchild UC-123B Provider aircraft that had been authorized earlier in the year.[8] As a result, the Special Aerial Spray Flight of the 309th Air Commando Squadron expanded to a full squadron at Tan Son Nhut Airport, being replaced by the 12th Air Commando Squadron on 15 October 1966. Sixteen days later, the squadron suffered its first loss when an aircraft was shot down in the Iron Triangle. The expansion to squadron strength led to the expansion of the unit's defoliation mission to area targets, such as War Zone C, War Zone D and the Mekong Delta, in addition to clearing lines of communication.[9] Due to crowding at Tan Son Nhut, also Saigon's commercial airport, the squadron moved to Bien Hoa Air Base in December.[1]
In October 1966, the squadron also began flying insecticide missions. These missions focused on killing malaria spreading mosquitos. A single aircraft was dedicated to this mission, since the application rate of insecticide was much lower than that for herbicides and one mission could cover a large area. Because of the corrosive effects of the insecticide on aircraft camouflage paint, an uncamouflaged aircraft was eventually settled on to fly these missions.[9][c]
In February 1967, the squadron flew its first mission in the southern portion of the Demilitarized zone (DMZ) between North and South Vietnam. Infiltration through the DMZ posed a significant threat to forces in the I Corps area, but the sensitivity of defoliation in an area so near North Vietnam had delayed operations there. By the late summer, selected targets in the northern portion of the DMZ and nearby infiltration routes within North Vietnam had been added to the target list.[10] DMZ operations were flown from the operating location the squadron maintained at Da Nang Air Base.[11]
The squadron participated in Operation Pink Rose in late 1966 and early 1967. Pink Rose was an attempt to burn forested areas. In this operation, the unit applied two treatments to the target areas with defoliants. Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses then dropped incendiary bombs to ignite fires in the area. Results were disappointing and no further efforts were made to use forest fire as a method of stripping jungle canopies.[12]
In addition to defoliation, the 12th also flew crop destruction missions. Crop destruction missions were flown with planes displaying South Vietnamese markings, and a Republic of Vietnam Air Force member flew on board the lead aircraft.[13] These missions were intended to reduce the amount of food available to Viet Cong forces and to increase the cost of food procurement. Seventh Air Force also found that the missions caused the Viet Cong to divert forces from combat and devote them to raising food. In contrast, a study by the RAND Corporation questioned the effectiveness of these missions, and concluded they increased hostility toward Americans.[14]
In January 1968, the squadron flew 589 sorties on target, the most it would fly during the war. However, on 31 January, its base at Bien Hoa was subjected to intense rocket and mortar attack as part of the Tet Offensive, halting operations. On 2 February, the squadron resumed operations, including emergency airlift missions. Six days later, Military Assistance Command Vietnam directed that the spray tanks be removed from the squadron's aircraft and its planes be devoted to airlift. No operations were flown on 28 February, when another rocket attack destroyed four buildings housing squadron aircrew and heavily damaged another. The squadron flew 2866 airlift sorties during the Tet Offensive before returning to the defoliation mission in mid-March.[15]
Patches after conversion to C-123K
Later in 1968, the unit added Nha Trang Air Base and Phu Cat Air Base to Da Nang as staging areas for defoliation operations as missions clearing friendly lines of communication again took precedence over the area targets of the previous two years. Targets also shifted away from the heavily populated III Corps zone. In May, the squadron received its first UC-123K, equipped with two additional General Electric J85 engines, which greatly reduced the planes' vulnerability to loss of an engine. This conversion was completed by April 1969. By this time, the squadron had lost six UC-123Bs on combat missions.[16]
During February 1969, in anticipation of a repeat of the previous year's offensive, the squadron deployed to Phan Rang Air Base, returning to Bien Hoa in early March.[17] As the Nixon administration implemented its plan for American withdrawal from Vietnam, pressure to reduce the squadron's operations increased. Squadron sorties were to be reduced by 30% by July 1970 and in view of the reduction, eleven Providers were transferred to other units in the 315th Special Operations Wing in November. The squadron also lost Nha Trang as a staging base when it was transferred to the South Vietnamese air force.[18] In April 1970, the squadron was notified that the Joint Chiefs of Staff had decided that Agent Orange was no longer to be used. On 9 May, the 12th exhausted its supply of Agent White and flew its last defoliation mission. From 11 May to 6 July, the squadron flew leaflet and flare missions over Cambodia. The reduced insecticide and crop destruction missions no longer required a separate squadron, so the unit moved to Phan Rang, where its personnel and equipment were absorbed by Flight A of the 310th Special Operations Squadron. It became non-operational at the end of July and was inactivated in September 1970.[1][19]
In September 1985, the 2d Antisubmarine Squadron and 327th Ferrying Squadron were reconstituted and consolidated with the 12th Special Operations Squadron, and the consolidated unit designated the 12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron. However, the squadron remained inactive until January 1996, when it was activated to fly Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS aircraft as part of the 93d Operations Group for air control and target attack radar system.[1]
In 2002, the JSTARS mission was transferred to the Georgia Air National Guard and the squadron was transferred to the Guard as part of the 116th Operations Group.[e] This arrangement was reversed in 2011, and the squadron returned to the regular Air Force in 2011.
Following the retirement of the E-8C, the 12th ACCS was inactivated on 12 April 2024.[citation needed]
Lineage
2d Antisubmarine Squadron
Constituted as the 523d Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 13 October 1942
Activated on 18 October 1942
Redesignated 2d Antisubmarine Squadron (Heavy) on 23 November 1942
Disbanded on 29 January 1944
Reconstituted on 19 September 1985 and consolidated with the 327th Ferrying Squadron and the 12th Special Operations Squadron as the 12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron[1]
327th Ferrying Squadron
Constituted as the 327th Ferrying Squadron on 12 May 1944
Activated on 31 May 1944
Inactivated on 5 October 1945
Disbanded on 8 October 1948
Reconstituted on 19 September 1985 and consolidated with the 2d Antisubmarine Squadron and the 12th Special Operations Squadron as the 12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron[1]
12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron
Constituted as the 12th Air Commando Squadron (Defoliation) and activated on 26 August 1966 (not organized)
Organized on 15 October 1966
Redesignated 12th Special Operations Squadron on 1 August 1968
Inactivated on 30 September 1970
Consolidated with the 2d Antisubmarine Squadron and the 327th Ferrying Squadron as the 12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron on 19 September 1985
Activated on 29 January 1996
Allotted to the Air National Guard on 1 October 2002[1]
Withdrawn from the Air National Guard on 1 October 2011
Inactivated on 12 April 2024
Assignments
378th Bombardment Group, 18 October 1942
25th Antisubmarine Wing, 14 December 1942 (attached to VIII Bomber Command, c. 2 January 1942, 1st Antisubmarine Group (Provisional), 15 January 1942, 2037th Antisubmarine Wing (Provisional), 1 March 1943 – 21 June 1943)
480th Antisubmarine Group, 21 June 1943 – 29 January 1944
The commander of the 12th Airborne Command and Control Squadron is an air force position held by a lieutenant colonel. The 12 ACCS is responsible for organizing, equipping, and ensuring the combat capability of more than 200 airmen in the Air Force's first E-8C Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System operational squadron.
^The emblem was previously used by 309th Air Commando Squadron Special Aerial Spray Flight. The green disc represents the jungle, while the brown bend sinister is a defoliated strip. The Chinese logogram for "purple" is in the center. Purple was the generic name used by Ranch Hand personnel for all defoliants.
^This aircraft, built as Fairchild C-123B-17-FA, serial 56-4362, Patches is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force. Buckingham states that workers had stripped Patches of its camouflage paint, but there is no evidence that the plane was camouflaged while in Vietnam. Buckingham, p. 124. It was modified as UC-123B c. 1962 (spray equipment installed); UC-123K in 1968 (jet engines installed); C-123K c. Jan 1973 (spray equipment removed). When withdrawn from Vietnam in 1972, it was diverted to spray insecticide during a plague of locusts in Afghanistan and Iran, returning to the United States via Europe. It is believed to be the only C-123 to have flown completely around the world. Baugher, Joe (14 February 2023). "1956 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 20 April 2023. The aircraft took almost 600 hits in combat, and it was named "Patches" for the damage repairs that covered it. Seven of its crew received the Purple Heart for wounds received in battle. It carries VNAF national markings. Patches served in the Air Force Reserve as a C-123K from 1972 until it was retired to the museum in 1980.
^The squadron kept its designation, and was not renumbered in the block of numbers (101–300) allotted to the Air National Guard.
^Dollman states that the squadron returned to the United States in September, but does not give a station.
^Kane lists one award for 15 October 1966 – 31 July 1970. Air Force Pamphlet 900-2 lists five awards, for 15 October 1966 – 31 July 1966, 15 October 1966 – 1 August 1968, 1 May 1968 – 31 July 1970, 1 June 1969 – 1 June 1970, 1 May 1968 – 31 July 1970. The AF Personnel Center database lists two awards, for 15 October 1966 – 1 August 1968 and 1 May 1968 – 31 July 1970.
^This campaign credit was earned by an expeditionary unit for which the squadron was the primary force provider and is bestowed on the squadron.
