Venus In situ Composition Investigations

Model of crustal plateau and tessera terrain formation via mantle downwelling after Gilmore (1998).

Venus In situ Composition Investigations (VICI) is a concept lander mission to Venus in order to answer long-standing questions about its origins and evolution, and provide new insights needed to understand terrestrial planet formation, evolution, and habitability.

VICI was one of 12 considerations for New Frontiers 4, but was not one of the two missions selected to be finalists in late 2017.

Overview

The mission concept was proposed in 2017 to NASA's New Frontiers program to compete for funding and development,^[1]^[2] but it was not selected.^[3] However, on 20 December 2017, it was awarded technology development funds to prepare it for future mission competitions.^[4] The funds are meant to further develop the Venus Element and Mineralogy Camera to operate under the extreme heat and pressure on Venus. The instrument uses lasers on a lander to measure the mineralogy and elemental composition of rocks on the surface of Venus.^[4]

If selected and developed at some future opportunity, the VICI mission would send two identical landers to unexplored Tesserae regions thought to be ancient exposed surfaces that had not undergone volcanic resurfacing.^[2] The two landers would measure atmospheric composition and structure during their descent at a level of detail that has not been possible on earlier missions. The landers would also analyze surface chemistry, mineralogy, and morphology at their landing site.

Scientific payload

VICI's proposed payloads includes a copy of the neutral mass spectrometer and tunable laser spectrometer currently used by the Curiosity rover to provide surface mineralogy and elemental composition.^[2] A gamma-ray spectrometer would perform measurements of naturally radioactive elements to a depth of ~10 cm.^[2]

References

^ "Proposed New Frontiers Missions". Future Planetary Exploration. 4 August 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d VICI: Venus In situ Composition Investigations. (PDF) L. Glaze, J. Garvin, N. Johnson, G. Arney, D. Atkinson, S. Atreya, A. Beck, B. Bezard, J. Blacksberg, B. Campbell, S. Clegg, D. Crisp, D. Dyar, F. Forget, M. Gilmore, D. Grinspoon, Juliane Gross, S. Guzewich, N. Izenberg, J. Johnson, W. Kiefer, D. Lawrence, S. Lebonnois, R. Lorenz, P. Mahaffy, S. Maurice, M. McCanta, A. Parsons, A. Pavlov, S. Sharma, M. Trainer, C. Webster, R. Wiens, K. Zahnle, M. Zolotov. EPSC Abstracts, Vol. 11, EPSC2017-346, 2017. European Planetary Science Congress 2017.
^ NASA's New Frontier Mission Will Search For Alien Life Or Reveal The Solar System's History. Elana Glowatz, IB Times. 20 December 2017.
^ ^a ^b NASA Invests in Concept Development for Missions to Comet, Saturn Moon Titan. NASA News. 20 December 2017.

External links

Goddard Venus Lander Prototype at YouTube (42 seconds video)

Venus

Outline of Venus

Geography

General

Regions

Regio	Alpha Regio Asteria Regio Beta Regio Ovda Regio
Terrae	Aphrodite Terra Ishtar Terra Lada Terra

Mountains
and
volcanoes

Plains and
plateaus

Canyons and
valleys

Craters

Other

Astronomy

General	Aspects Orbit Phases
Transits	1639 1761 1769 1874 1882 2004 2012
Asteroids	Venus-crosser asteroids Venus trojans Zoozve

Exploration

Past	Sputnik programme Sputnik 7 Venera program Venera 1 Sputnik 19 Sputnik 20 Sputnik 21 Kosmos 21 Venera 1964A Kosmos 27 Venera 2 Venera 3 Kosmos 96 Venera 4 Kosmos 167 Venera 5 Venera 6 Venera 7 Venera 8 Kosmos 482 Venera 9 Venera 10 Venera 11 Venera 12 Venera 13 Venera 14 Venera 15 Venera 16 Mariner program Mariner 1 Mariner 2 Mariner 5 Mariner 10 Zond program Zond 1 Pioneer Venus Pioneer Venus Orbiter / Pioneer 12 Pioneer Venus Multiprobe / Pioneer 13 Vega program Vega 1 Vega 2 Magellan IKAROS Shin'en Venus Express Akatsuki
Gravity Assists	Galileo Cassini–Huygens MESSENGER BepiColombo Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (planned) MBR Explorer (planned)
Planned	DAVINCI EnVision VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission Venus Life Finder
Proposed	European Venus Explorer Venera-D VAMP VISE VISAGE VICI VOX
Proposed (crewed)	Colonization Inspiration Mars (flyby) Terraforming
Other	Geological mapping of Venus Artificial objects on Venus

Spacecraft missions to Venus

Active missions

Orbiters	Akatsuki
Flybys	Parker Solar Probe^‡ (en route) BepiColombo^‡ (en route) Solar Orbiter^‡ (en route) Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer^‡ (en route)

Past missions

Orbiters	Magellan Pioneer Venus Orbiter Venera 9 10 15 16 Venus Express
Flybys	Venera 1^† Mariner 2 Zond 1^† Venera 2^† Mariner 5 10^‡ Venera 11 12 13 14 Vega 1 2 Galileo^‡ Cassini–Huygens^‡ MESSENGER^‡ IKAROS Shin-en^†
Descent probes	Venera 3^† 4 5 6 Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
Landers	Venera 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Vega 1 2 Pioneer Venus Small Probes
Balloon probes	Vega 1 2
Failed launches	Tyazhely Sputnik Mariner 1 2MV-1 No.1 2MV-1 No.2 2MV-2 No.1 Kosmos 21 3MV-1 No.2 Kosmos 27 96 167 482

Planned missions

Orbiters	Venus Orbiter Mission (2028) VERITAS (2031) EnVision (2031)
Flybys	Dragonfly^‡ (2028) MBR Explorer^‡ (2028) Tianwen-4^‡ (2030)
Descent probes	Venus Life Finder (2025) DAVINCI (2031–2032)

Proposed missions

Venus missions	CUVE Venera-D Zephyr
Flybys	Mercury-P Uranus Orbiter and Probe^‡

Cancelled
or not developed

Program overviews

Missions are ordered by launch date. ^† indicates failure en route or before any data returned. ^‡ indicates use of the planet as a gravity assist en route to another destination.

NASA Planetary Missions Program Office

Discovery program

Missions

Main	NEAR Shoemaker Mars Pathfinder Lunar Prospector Stardust Genesis CONTOUR^† MESSENGER Deep Impact Dawn Kepler GRAIL InSight Lucy Psyche VERITAS DAVINCI
Opportunity	ASPERA-3 EPOXI NExT Moon Mineralogy Mapper Strofio MEGANE

Proposals

Finalists	Mission 12 Comet Hopper Titan Mare Explorer Mission 13 and 14 DAVINCI NEOCam VERITAS Mission 15 and 16 Io Volcano Observer Trident
Candidates	Enceladus Life Finder Icebreaker Life ISOCHRON JET LIFE MANTIS Mars Geyser Hopper Moon Diver PADME Phobos Surveyor Whipple

New Frontiers program

Missions	New Horizons Juno OSIRIS-REx Dragonfly

Proposals

Finalists	Mission 2 MoonRise Mission 3 MoonRise SAGE Mission 4 CAESAR
Candidates	CONDOR CORSAIR ELF ELSAH Oceanus SPRITE VICI VISAGE VOX

Solar System Exploration program

Missions	DART JUICE instruments Europa Clipper

Underline indicates active current missions
Italics indicate missions yet to launch
Symbol ^† indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned

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