Venera 7

Venera 7
Reproduction of the Venera 7 lander at the Sergei Pavlovich Korolyov Museum of Cosmonautics
Mission typeVenus lander
OperatorLavochkin
COSPAR ID1970-060A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.4489
Mission durationOrbiter: 54 years and 4 days
(in orbit)
Lander: 23 minutes (final)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft4V-1 No. 630
ManufacturerLavochkin
Launch mass1,180 kilograms (2,600 lb)[1]
Landing mass500 kilograms (1,100 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date17 August 1970, 05:38:22 (1970-08-17UTC05:38:22Z) UTC[1]
RocketMolniya 8K78M
Launch siteBaikonur 31/6
End of mission
Last contact15 December 1970, 06:00 (1970-12-15UTC07Z) UTC
Orbital parameters
Reference systemHeliocentric
Perihelionit altitude0.69 astronomical units (103,000,000 km)
Apohelionit altitude1.01 astronomical units (151,000,000 km)
Inclination2.0°
Period287 days
Venus lander
Landing date15 December 1970, 05:37:10 UTC
Landing site5°S 351°E / 5°S 351°E / -5; 351

Seal of Venera 7

Venera 7 (Russian: Венера-7, lit.'Venus 7') was a Soviet spacecraft, part of the Venera series of probes to Venus. When it landed on the Venusian surface on 15 December 1970, it became the first spacecraft to soft land on another planet and the first to transmit data from there back to Earth.[2][3]

Design

The lander was designed to be able to survive pressure of up to 18 megapascals (2,600 psi) and temperatures of 580 °C (1,076 °F).[4] This was much greater than what was expected to be encountered but significant uncertainties as to the surface temperatures and pressure of Venus resulted in the designers opting for a large margin of error.[4] This degree of hardening limited the amount of mass available for scientific instruments both on the probe itself and the interplanetary bus.[4] The interplanetary bus carried a solar-wind charged-particle detector and a cosmic-ray detector.[5] On the lander were temperature and pressure sensors as well as an accelerometer to measure atmospheric density.[6] The probe also carried a radar altimeter.[6]

Launch

The probe was launched from Earth on 17 August 1970, at 05:38 UTC. It consisted of an interplanetary bus, based on the 3MV system, and a lander.[7] During the flight to Venus, two in-course corrections were made using the bus's on-board KDU-414 engine.[7]

Landing

Position of Venera landing sites. Red points denote sites returning images from the surface, black central dots sites of surface sample analysis. Map based on mapping from Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Magellan.

Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on 15 December 1970.[7] The lander remained attached to the interplanetary bus during the initial stages of atmospheric entry[7] to allow the bus to cool the lander to −8 °C (18 °F) for as long as possible.[7] The lander was ejected once atmospheric buffeting broke the interplanetary bus's lock-on with Earth.[7] The parachute opened at a height of 60 kilometres (37 mi), and atmospheric testing began with results showing the atmosphere to be 97% carbon dioxide.[7] The parachute was initially reefed down to 1.8 square metres (19 sq ft), opening to 2.5 square metres (27 sq ft) 13 minutes later, after the reefing line melted as designed.[6] Six minutes after the unreefing, the parachute started to fail, resulting in a descent more rapid than planned.[6][7] The parachute eventually failed completely, and the probe entered a period of freefall.[6] As a result, the lander struck the surface of Venus at about 16.5 m/s (59 km/h; 37 mph) at 05:37:10 UTC.[7] The landing coordinates are 5°S 351°E / 5°S 351°E / -5; 351.[8]

The probe appeared to go silent on impact,[7] but recording tapes kept rolling.[9] A few weeks later, upon review of the tapes by radio astronomer Oleg Rzhiga, another 23 minutes of very weak signals were found on them.[9][10] The spacecraft had landed on Venus, and probably bounced onto its side, leaving the medium gain antenna aimed incorrectly for proper signal transmission to Earth.[9]

The probe transmitted information to Earth for 53 minutes, which included about 20 minutes from the surface.[11] It was found that the temperature at the surface of Venus was 475 ± 20 °C (887 ± 36 °F).[7][11] Using this temperature and models of the atmosphere, a pressure of 9.0 ± 1.5 MPa (1,310 ± 220 psi) was calculated.[12] From the spacecraft's rapid halt (from falling to stationary inside 0.2 second), it was possible to conclude that the craft had hit a solid surface with low levels of dust.[12]

The probe provided information about the surface of Venus that could not be seen through its thick atmospheric veil. The spacecraft confirmed that humans cannot survive on the surface of Venus. It excluded the possibility that there is any liquid water on the planet.[11][7]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Siddiqi 2018, p. 93.
  2. ^ "Science: Onward from Venus". Time. 8 February 1971. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  3. ^ Siddiqi 2018, pp. 1, 3.
  4. ^ a b c Huntress & Marov 2011, p. 235.
  5. ^ "Venera 7". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d e Huntress & Marov 2011, pp. 236–240.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Reeves 1994, pp. 211–215.
  8. ^ Patrick Moore (2000). The Data Book of Astronomy. CRC Press. p. 92, Table 5-5, Missions to Venus, 1961–2000. Landing near Navka Planitia.
  9. ^ a b c "Larry Klaes, The Soviets and Venus, Part 1, 1993". Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  10. ^ Harvey 2007, p. 114.
  11. ^ a b c "Итоги работы станции "Венера-7"". Galspace (in Russian).
  12. ^ a b Ulivi & Harland 2007, pp. 97–99.

References

Read other articles:

Cet article est une ébauche concernant le chemin de fer. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. LigneSuigun Ligne de Mito à Asaka-Nagamori et Hitachi-Ōta Carte de la ligne Rame série KiHa E130 à Kami-Sugaya Pays Japon Villes desservies Mito, Hitachinaka, Kōriyama Historique Mise en service 1897 Caractéristiques techniques Longueur 147,0 km Vitesse maximale de conception 95 km/h Écartement �...

 

 

Chronologie de la France ◄◄ 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 ►► Chronologies Données clés 1579 1580 1581  1582  1583 1584 1585Décennies :1550 1560 1570  1580  1590 1600 1610Siècles :XIVe XVe  XVIe  XVIIe XVIIIeMillénaires :-Ier Ier  IIe  IIIe Chronologies thématiques Art Architecture, Arts plastiques (Dessin, Gravure, Peinture et Sculpture), Littérature et Musique classique   Ingénierie (), Architecture e...

 

 

Romanian television channel Television channel Antena StarsCountryRomaniaBroadcast areaRomaniaProgrammingPicture format1080i HDTV (downscaled to 576i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipOwnerAntena TV Group (Intact Media Group)Sister channelsAntena 1Antena 3 CNNAntena InternaționalGSP TVHappy ChannelZU TVHistoryLaunched9 April 2007 (as Antena 2)16 December 2013 (as Antena Stars)Closed16 December 2013 (as Antena 2)Former namesAntena 2 (2007–2013)LinksWebsitewww.antenastars.ro Antena Stars is a Roman...

Karl-Heinz Riedle Riedle nel 2012 Nazionalità Germania Ovest Germania (dal 1990) Altezza 177[1] cm Peso 71[1] kg Calcio Ruolo Allenatore (ex attaccante) Termine carriera 2001 - giocatore Carriera Giovanili 19??-19?? TSV Ellhofen19??-19?? SV Weiler Squadre di club1 1983-1986 Augusta70 (31)1986-1987 Blau-Weiß Berlin34 (10)1987-1990 Werder Brema85 (38)1990-1993 Lazio84 (30)1993-1997 Borussia Dortmund86 (24)1997-1999 Liverpool60 (11)1999-2001&...

 

 

Joop den Uyl Perdana Menteri BelandaMasa jabatan11 Mei 1973 – 19 Desember 1977Penguasa monarkiRatu JulianaPendahuluBarend BiesheuvelPenggantiDries van Agt Informasi pribadiLahirJohannes Marten den Uijl(1919-08-09)9 Agustus 1919Hilversum, BelandaMeninggal24 Desember 1987(1987-12-24) (umur 68)Amsterdam, BelandaKebangsaanBelandaPartai politikPartai BuruhSuami/istriLiesbeth den Uyl (1924-1990)Alma materUniversitas Amsterdam (M.A., Dr.h.c.)PekerjaanPolitikus Pegawai negeri Ekonom J...

 

 

Coventry-class Royal Navy frigate For other ships with the same name, see HMS Liverpool. Acrylic on board depiction of Liverpool by William McDowell History Great Britain NameHMS Liverpool Ordered3 September 1756 BuilderJohn Gorill & William Pownall, Liverpool Laid down1 October 1756 Launched10 February 1758 CommissionedFebruary 1758 FateWrecked 1778 General characteristics Class and typeCoventry-class sixth-rate frigate Tons burthen589 85⁄94 bm Length 118 ft 4 in (gundeck) 97 ft 7�...

Biljana Plavšić Presiden Republika Srpska ke-2Masa jabatan19 Juli 1996 – 4 November 1998Wakil PresidenNikola KoljevićDragoljub Mirjanić[1]PendahuluRadovan KaradžićPenggantiNikola PoplašenPerwakilan Serb dalam Kepresidenan Bosnia dan Herzegovina ke-1Masa jabatan20 Desember 1990 – 9 April 1992Menjabat bersama Nikola KoljevićPendahuluPosisi baruPenggantiNenad Kecmanović Informasi pribadiLahir7 Juli 1930 (umur 93)Tuzla, YugoslaviaPartai politikSNS RS (1...

 

 

Anselmo III da Rhoarcivescovo della Chiesa cattolica  Incarichi ricopertiArcivescovo di Milano  Natoa Rho Deceduto4 dicembre 1093 a Milano   Manuale Anselmo III da Rho, in latino de Raude (Rho, ... – Milano, 4 dicembre 1093), fu arcivescovo di Milano dalla sua elezione, nel 1086, fino alla sua morte. Partito da posizioni avverse alla pataria e alla riforma gregoriana, si riconciliò con il papato romano, riconciliando anche la Chiesa ambrosiana con la sede romana dopo un dece...

 

 

Former pub in Maida Vale, London Windsor CastleLocation309 Harrow Road, LondonCoordinates51°31′24″N 0°11′52″W / 51.52337°N 0.19784°W / 51.52337; -0.19784TypePubGenre(s)Rock/PunkOpened1829Closed2009 The Windsor Castle is a former public house on Harrow Road, Maida Vale, London. It was a seminal rock venue throughout the 1960s and 1970s, with notable early performances from The Rolling Stones, The Who and U2.[1] The building is a designated heritage a...

Ethel Barrymore TheatreL'Ethel Barrymore Theatre nel 2007UbicazioneStato Stati Uniti LocalitàNew York Indirizzo243 West 47th Street Dati tecniciCapienza1 058 posti RealizzazioneCostruzioneXX secolo Inaugurazione20 dicembre 1928 ArchitettoHerbert J. Krapp ProprietarioShubert Organization Sito ufficiale Modifica dati su Wikidata · ManualeCoordinate: 40°27′12.6″N 73°35′27.24″W / 40.4535°N 73.5909°W40.4535; -73.5909 L'Ethel Barrymore Theatre è un teat...

 

 

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言,清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日(哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統) 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

 

 

2012 Nepali Novel Seto Dharti AuthorAmar NeupaneOriginal titleसेतो धरतीCover artist Chirag Wangdel (Picture artist) Suwarna Humagain (Design) CountryNepalLanguageNepaliGenreFictionPublisherFineprints BooksPublication dateMarch 2012Media typePrintPages373AwardsMadan PuraskarISBN978-9937-8563-4-8OCLC1085939500Preceded byPaniko Gham Followed byKarodaun Kasturi  Seto Dharti (Nepali: सेतो धरती, lit. 'White earth') is ...

Species of mammal Venezuelan lowland rabbit Conservation status Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Lagomorpha Family: Leporidae Genus: Sylvilagus Species: S. varynaensis Binomial name Sylvilagus varynaensisDurant & Guevara, 2001 Venezuelan lowland rabbit range The Venezuelan lowland rabbit (Sylvilagus varynaensis), also known as the Barinas wild rabbit, is a cottontail rabbit...

 

 

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento armi da fuoco non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. RPG-7Tipolanciagranate a reazione anticarro OrigineUnione sovietica ProduzioneData progettazione1961 Date di produzionedal 1961 Numero prodotto~ 2 500 000 VariantiTipo 69 e Tipo...

 

 

English footballer This article is about the English footballer. For the American musician, see Hercules and Love Affair. Andy Butler Butler in 2011Personal informationFull name Andrew Peter Butler[1]Date of birth (1983-11-04) 4 November 1983 (age 40)Place of birth Doncaster, EnglandHeight 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Position(s) DefenderTeam informationCurrent team Scunthorpe United (manager)Youth career Scunthorpe UnitedSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2002–2008 Scuntho...

For beta turns, see Beta turn. A turn is an element of secondary structure in proteins where the polypeptide chain reverses its overall direction. Definition According to one definition, a turn is a structural motif where the Cα atoms of two residues separated by a few (usually 1 to 5) peptide bonds are close (less than 7 Å [0.70 nm]).[1] The proximity of the terminal Cα atoms often correlates with formation of an inter main chain hydrogen bond between the correspond...

 

 

Lights of the DesertSutradaraHarry BeaumontProduserWilliam FoxDitulis olehGladys Johnson Paul SchofieldPemeranShirley Mason Allan Forrest Edmund BurnsSinematograferFrank B. GoodPerusahaanproduksiFox FilmDistributorFox FilmTanggal rilis11 Juni 1922Durasi50 menitNegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaBisu Intertitel Inggris Lights of the Desert adalah sebuah film romansa koboi bisu Amerika Serikat tahun 1922 garapan Harry Beaumont dan menampilkan Shirley Mason, Allan Forrest dan Edmund Burns.[1] Pe...

 

 

Style guide on legal citation This article is about the legal citation style guide. For other uses, see Blue book (disambiguation). The Bluebook Cover of the 18th editionSubjectLegal citationsPublished1926–presentPublisherHarvard Law ReviewColumbia Law ReviewUniversity of Pennsylvania Law ReviewYale Law JournalOCLC910917659Websitelegalbluebook.com Style guides ACS style AIP style AMA Manual of Style AP Stylebook APA Style The ASA Style Guide Australian Guide to Legal Citation The Bluebook T...

В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с фамилией Робби. Марго Роббиангл. Margot Robbie Робби в 2018 году Имя при рождении Марго Элис Робби Дата рождения 2 июля 1990(1990-07-02) (34 года) Место рождения Долби, Квинсленд, Австралия Гражданство  Австралия Профессия актриса, кинопро...

 

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Edith, Head et Posener. Edith Head Edith Head en 1976. Données clés Nom de naissance Edith Claire Posener Naissance 28 octobre 1897San Bernardino (Californie) Nationalité Américaine Décès 24 octobre 1981 (à 83 ans)Los Angeles (Californie) Profession Costumière Films notables ÈveVacances romainesLes Dix Commandements modifier Ann Miller et Edith Head Edith Head est une costumière de cinéma américaine, née Edith Posener le 28 octobre 1897 à ...