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*Trident*
	Comparison of two designs for Trident
Mission type	Reconnaissance, flyby of outer planets
Operator	NASA
Mission duration	13 years (planned)
Start of mission
Launch date	Proposed: 25 October 2025; (with a backup in October 2026)
Flyby of Earth (gravity assist)
Closest approach	28 October 2026
Flyby of Venus (gravity assist)
Closest approach	25 March 2027
Flyby of Earth (gravity assist)
Closest approach	7 February 2028
Flyby of Earth (gravity assist)
Closest approach	7 February 2031
Flyby of Jupiter, Io (gravity assist)
Closest approach	28 June 2032
Distance	1.24 RJ or 88,650 km (55,080 mi)
Flyby of Neptune, Triton
Closest approach	28 June 2038
	Discovery Program ← Psyche

Trident is a space mission concept to the outer planets proposed in 2019 to NASA's Discovery Program.^[3]^[4] The concept includes flybys of Jupiter and Neptune with a focus on Neptune's largest moon Triton.

In 2020, Trident was selected along with three other Discovery proposals for further study, with two expected to be selected to fly as Discovery 15 and 16.^[5] On 2 June 2021, NASA selected the Venus missions DAVINCI+ and VERITAS over Trident and the Io Volcano Observer.^[6]

History

Triton is the largest moon of Neptune. In 1989, Voyager 2 flew past the moon at a distance of 40,000 km (25,000 mi),^[7] and discovered several cryovolcanoes on its surface. Triton is geologically active, its surface is young and has relatively few impact craters. It has a very thin atmosphere. Voyager 2 was only able to observe approximately 40% of Triton's surface.

The Trident concept was proposed in March 2019 to NASA's Discovery Program. The mission concept is supported by NASA's Ocean Worlds Exploration Program and it is intended to help answer some of the questions generated by Voyager 2's flyby in 1989.^[8]

Overview

Trident takes advantage of an efficient gravity assist alignment of Jupiter and Neptune (that occurs once every 13 years) to capitalize on a narrow observational window that enables assessment of changes in Triton's plume activity and surface characteristics since the previous encounter of Neptune-Triton by Voyager 2 in 1989.^[3]^[9]

With the advances of high-resolution imaging and a unique orbital configuration of Triton in 2038, Trident would be able to obtain a near-complete map of Neptune's moon during its sole flyby. Trident would pass through Triton's thin atmosphere, within 500 km (310 mi) of the surface, sampling its ionosphere with a plasma spectrometer and perform magnetic induction measurements to assess the potential existence of an internal ocean.^[3] The principal investigator is Louise Prockter, director of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas.^[9]

The launch vehicle proposed for Trident is the Atlas V 401, if it is not replaced with the Vulcan.^[2]

The proposed launch date in October 2025 (with a backup in October 2026) would take advantage of a once-in-13-years window, when Earth is properly aligned with Jupiter. The spacecraft would use the gravitational pull of Jupiter as a slingshot straight to Triton for an extended 13-day encounter in 2038.^[1]

Neptune Moon Triton - Proposed Trident Mission (16 June 2020)

Payload

Instrument^[2]	Functionality	Heritage (Contractor)
Infrared spectrometer	2–100 km, near-global compositional mapping at 1-5 μm wavelength.	Ralph (New Horizons) (Ball Aerospace)
Narrow angle camera	Anti-Neptune regional mapping and limb imaging (≤ 200 m).	Cassini camera and LORRI (New Horizons) (Ball)
Wide-angle camera	Sub-Neptune and haze imaging and change detection (≤ 2,500 m).	Ralph and Cassini camera (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
Triaxial magnetometer	Ocean detection.	Cassini boom, Psyche and MESSENGER magnetometers (UCLA)
Radio science	Atmospheric occultations for neutral and electron profiles; gravimetry observations	REX (New Horizons) and BepiColombo (Italian Space Agency)
Plasma spectrometer	Atmospheric charged particles. Energetic inputs to ionosphere.	ICA (Rosetta) and JDC (JUICE)(IRF)