Ulmus minor 'Viminalis'

Ulmus minor 'Viminalis'
'Viminalis', The Vale, Rottingdean, Brighton
SpeciesUlmus minor
Cultivar'Viminalis'
OriginEngland

The field elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Viminalis' [1] (:'willow-like'), occasionally referred to as the twiggy field elm,[2][3] was raised by Masters in 1817, and listed in 1831 as U. campestris viminalis, without description.[4] Loudon added a general description in 1838,[2] and the Cambridge University Herbarium acquired a leaf specimen of the tree in 1866. Moss, writing in 1912, said that the Ulmus campestris viminalis from Cambridge University Herbarium was the only elm he thought agreed with the original Plot's elm (not U. minor 'Plotii') as illustrated by Dr. Plot in 1677 from specimens growing in an avenue and coppice at Hanwell near Banbury.[5][6] Elwes and Henry (1913) also considered Loudon's Ulmus campestris viminalis to be Dr Plot's elm.[7] Its 19th-century name, U. campestris var. viminalis, led the cultivar to be classified for a time as a variety of English Elm.[7] On the Continent, 'Viminalis' was the Ulmus antarctica Hort., 'zierliche Ulme' [:'dainty elm'] of Kirchner's Arboretum Muscaviense (1864).[8]

Melville considered 'Viminalis' one form, the 'type' cultivar,[9] of the natural, variable hybrid, U. minor × U. minor 'Plotii', which occurs in England where the two trees overlap, and which he called, believing U. plotii Druce a species, U. × viminalis.[10] He questioned, however, Henry's claim that 'Viminalis' was Dr Plot's elm. Writing in 1940 and referring to a pencil rubbing in Herb. Druce, vol. 113 of the Sloane Collection, he wrote "I can see no reason to doubt that this is Plot's plant," but "it is [not] U. × viminalis Lodd".[11] Boom (1959)[12] and Bean (1988)[9] listed 'Viminalis' as a cultivar and the 'type' clone of Melville's U. × viminalis.

Description

Wood (1851) described 'Viminalis' as "a neat-growing compact tree, with small foliage",[13] Henry (1913) as a "tree with ascending branches, pendulous branchlets, and sparse foliage",[7] and Bean (1981) as a "narrow-headed, rather slender tree".[9] 'Viminalis' is slow-growing; it can ultimately reach 20 m in height.[7][14] Leaves vary from obovate-elliptic to narrowly elliptic; they are deeply serrated, < 5.0 cm long, tapering to a nearly symmetrical base and long-acuminate at the tip, with prominent white axil tufts on the undersides.[9][7][15] In his description of Ulmus antarctica Hort. (1864), Kirchner added that the leaves are more or less downward-curving, with longish petioles, and that the leaf-margins have numerous deep, double, hook-shaped teeth, "so that the leaves appear almost slit".[8]

Loudon's sketch (below) suggests that a narrow leaf was fairly uniform on his tree. The Cambridge University Herbarium specimen of Loudon's Ulmus campestris viminalis[16] shows leaves resembling both Henry's 'Viminalis' drawing[17] and Schneider's 'Antarctica' drawing,[18] confirming the synonymy. 'Viminalis' has been likened to Zelkova × verschaffeltii.[19] Bean wrote in 1936, "I have never seen it bearing fruit, although it flowers."[20] The old specimen in Lydiard Street, Ballarat, Victoria, however (see 'Notable trees'), produces abundant fruit, the seed being close to the marginal notch in somewhat broad samarae.

  • Loudon's Ulmus campestris viminalis, with leaf sketch
    Loudon's Ulmus campestris viminalis, with leaf sketch
  • U. campestris viminalis leaves, Cambridge University Herbarium, labelled 'Herb. J. Lindley, Ph.D., Purchased in 1866'[5]
    U. campestris viminalis leaves, Cambridge University Herbarium, labelled 'Herb. J. Lindley, Ph.D., Purchased in 1866'[5]
  • 1912 Gardeners' Chronicle illustration of the same, identifying specimen as Loudon's 'Viminalis'
    1912 Gardeners' Chronicle illustration of the same, identifying specimen as Loudon's 'Viminalis'
  • Dr Plot's elm for comparison (1677).[5][6]
    Dr Plot's elm for comparison (1677).[5][6]
  • Leaf-drawing of Elwes & Henry's 'type' tree (1913)
    Leaf-drawing of Elwes & Henry's 'type' tree (1913)
  • Foliage of 'Viminalis' saplings cloned from the tree in Lydiard St, Ballarat, Victoria
    Foliage of 'Viminalis' saplings cloned from the tree in Lydiard St, Ballarat, Victoria
  • Same
    Same

Pests and diseases

'Viminalis' is very susceptible to Dutch elm disease, as are the natural hybrids between field elm and plot elm (Melville's U. × viminalis), of which the type cultivar is usually considered an example.

Cultivation

'Viminalis' was valued for its ornamental qualities, Wood (1851) considering it "well adapted for the back part of shrubberies".[13] Bean (1936) called it "a charming small tree for gardens, very elegant and not growing fast",[20] while the catalogue of Hillier & Sons, Winchester, Hampshire, (1958) described it as "an extremely graceful, slender tree of slow growth, easily distinguished from all other elms by its narrow, fimbriated leaves".[21] Kirchner noted that the tree is not sensitive to frost.[8] Specimens were present in many of the major UK collections, including Cambridge University Botanic Garden (see 'Notable trees' below), Kew Gardens (35 ft., 1913),[7] Westonbirt Arboretum (49 ft., 1927),[22] Royal Victoria Park, Bath (1857, 1905),[23][3] and Ryston Hall arboretum, Norfolk (planted as U. antarctica, 1914).[24][25] 'Viminalis' remained in the catalogues of the Hillier nursery, Winchester, till the 1960s.[26]

Introduced to North America, Ulmus viminalis, 'slender-twigged elm', was marketed by Hovey's nursery of Boston, Massachusetts, from the 1850s,[27] and by the Mount Hope Nursery (also known as Ellwanger and Barry) of Rochester, New York, from c.1860.[28] In continental Europe, North America and Australasia a few specimens survive in arboreta and avenues. One tree 40 feet (12 m) in height, determined as U. × viminalis Loud. by Melville, stood by the lake at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, in 1953.[29] It may have been the Ulmus viminalis specimen present in the Gardens in 1877.[30] In the UK three mature trees survive in the Brighton and Hove area (2017).[note 1] The tree remains (2017) in cultivation in Australia.[31][32]

  • Spray of leaves from Rottingdean tree
    Spray of leaves from Rottingdean tree
  • Leaf from Rottingdean tree
    Leaf from Rottingdean tree
  • Underside of same
    Underside of same
  • Withdean Park 'Viminalis', Brighton (2015)[33]
    Withdean Park 'Viminalis', Brighton (2015)[33]
  • Reverted branchlet of variegated 'Viminalis', Batsford Arboretum
    Reverted branchlet of variegated 'Viminalis', Batsford Arboretum

Notable trees

Elwes and Henry list notable specimens "of this variety" (the type tree described and illustrated) in the Cambridge University Botanic Garden (70 ft) and in Gisselfeld Park, Denmark (60 ft). Three trees labelled U. 'Viminalis', pollarded in 1984,[34] stand in Benalla Botanic Gardens, Australia.[35][36] A specimen of the same cultivar, apparently unpollarded, stands in Lydiard Street, Ballarat, Victoria.[31][32]

  • Two pollarded U. 'Viminalis', Benalla Botanic Gardens, Australia (2006)
    Two pollarded U. 'Viminalis', Benalla Botanic Gardens, Australia (2006)
  • Leaves of Benalla U. 'Viminalis'
    Leaves of Benalla U. 'Viminalis'

Cultivars

Cultivars include both sports of the type tree and elms similar enough to have been conjectured as related to it:

Synonymy

  • Ulmus antarctica Hort..[8]
  • Ulmus campestris antarctica.[37]
  • Ulmus campestris 'Betulinoides'.[38]
  • Ulmus campestris var. betulaefolia.[39][2]
  • U. campestris var. laciniata.[40]
  • U. campestris var. microphylla pendula Hort. as in synonymy.[41]
  • Ulmus campestris var. nuda subvar. incisa Hort.Vilv..[42] Considered "possibly U. viminalis" by Green (1964).
  • Ulmus campestris var. stricta.[43]
  • Ulmus campestris var. virginalis in synonymy.[44]
  • ? Ulmus campestris viminalis stricta.[45]
  • Ulmus gracilis Hort..[8]
  • Ulmus 'Masters's Twiggy'.[4]
  • Ulmus montana viminalis marmorata Hort..[46]
  • Ulmus scabra viminalis gracilis Hort..[47]
  • Ulmus scabra viminalis pulverulenta Hort..[48][47]
  • Ulmus suberosa betuloides Hort..[49]
  • Ulmus viminalis Lodd.[50]
  • Ulmus viminalis pendula.[51]

Accessions

North America

Europe

Australasia

Pseudo-'Viminalis' and 'Viminalis'-like elms

Not all clones named 'Viminalis' match the named cultivars above. Three specimens supplied by the Späth nursery to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1902[55] as Ulmus campestris viminalis[56] were determined by Melville in 1958 as U. viminalis Lodd but "not the usual nothomorph".[57][58] One stood in the Garden itself till the late 20th century;[58] the other two may survive in Edinburgh, as it was the practice of the Garden to distribute trees about the city. An old cultivar with leaves that appear to match herbarium specimens of Späth's U. campestris viminalis [59] stands (2018) in the middle of North Walk, The Meadows, Edinburgh (see gallery); a second, possibly the same clone and age, in the grounds of Holyrood Palace (both trees lost their crowns in a 2016 gale and are regenerating).[60] The Ulmus campestris viminalis supplied by Späth and planted in 1897 at the Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Canada, is likely to have been this clone (not to be confused with Späth's U. × hollandica 'Viminalis').[61]

  • U. campestris viminalis from Späth, in the RBGE Accessions Book
    U. campestris viminalis from Späth, in the RBGE Accessions Book
  • Putative U. campestris viminalis (Späth), The Meadows, Edinburgh (1989)
    Putative U. campestris viminalis (Späth), The Meadows, Edinburgh (1989)
  • Leaves of putative U. campestris viminalis (Späth), The Meadows, Edinburgh (2017)
    Leaves of putative U. campestris viminalis (Späth), The Meadows, Edinburgh (2017)
  • Samarae of Edinburgh tree
    Samarae of Edinburgh tree
  • Bark of Edinburgh tree
    Bark of Edinburgh tree
  • A 'Viminalis'-like elm in Hove
    A 'Viminalis'-like elm in Hove
  • Pressed leaves of Hove tree
    Pressed leaves of Hove tree
  • Bark of Hove tree
    Bark of Hove tree

A number of old non-ornamental trees believed to belong to Melville's U. × viminalis group survive (2015) in a wood in Mepal, Cambridgeshire.[62]

  • Non-ornamental U. × viminalis, Mepal, Cambridgeshire
    Non-ornamental U. × viminalis, Mepal, Cambridgeshire
  • Leaves of non-ornamental U. × viminalis, Mepal, Cambridgeshire
    Leaves of non-ornamental U. × viminalis, Mepal, Cambridgeshire
  • Bark of non-ornamental U. × viminalis, Mepal, Cambridgeshire
    Bark of non-ornamental U. × viminalis, Mepal, Cambridgeshire

Notes

  1. ^ In Withdean Park; in Longhill School, Rottingdean; and in Brighton University, Moulsecoomb.

References

  1. ^ The name U. minor 'Viminalis' occurs in Hillier, J., and Coombes, A., The Hillier Manual of Trees and Shrubs (Newton Abbot, 2002), p.371
  2. ^ a b c Loudon, John Claudius (1838). Arboretum et fruticetum Britannicum. Vol. 3. p. 1376.
  3. ^ a b Inman, T. Frederic (1905). "The Elm". Proceedings of the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. 10: 37. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  4. ^ a b Masters, W. (1831). Hortus Duroverni: Or, A Tabular and Descriptive Catalogue of Perennial Flower Roots, &c. Sold by W. Masters. p. 66. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
  5. ^ a b c Moss, Charles Edward (1912). "British elms". The Gardeners' Chronicle. 51: 236.
  6. ^ a b Plot, Robert (1677). The natural history of Oxford-shire. pp. 158, 212 (facing).
  7. ^ a b c d e f Elwes, Henry John; Henry, Augustine (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. 7. p. 1906.
  8. ^ a b c d e Petzold; Kirchner (1864). Arboretum Muscaviense. p. 551.
  9. ^ a b c d Bean, William Jackson (1988). Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain (8 ed.). London: Murray. p. 659.
  10. ^ Green, Peter Shaw (1964). "Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus". Arnoldia. 24 (6–8). Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University: 41–80. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  11. ^ Melville, Ronald (1940). "Contributions to the study of British Elms:- III. The Plot Elm, Ulmus plotii Druce" (PDF). The Journal of Botany. 78: 181–191. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  12. ^ Boom, B.K. (1959). Nederlandse dendrologie. Vol. 1. p. 158.
  13. ^ a b Wood, John Frederick (1852). "Coppiceana". The Midland Florist and Suburban Horticulturist. 6. London: 365.
  14. ^ Browne, D. J. (1846). The Trees of America. Harper & Brothers, New York.
  15. ^ "Herbarium specimen - WAG.1853015". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet described U. campestris var. viminalis (Loud.) (Amsterdam specimen); "Herbarium specimen - WAG.1853012". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet described as U. procera Salisb. var. viminalis (Loud.) Rehd. (Hortus Leiden specimen); "Herbarium specimen - WAG.1846174". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Sheet described as U. procera 'Viminalis' (Wageningen Arboretum specimen, 1962); "Herbarium specimen - L.1581944". Botany catalogues. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Formerly Ulmus antarctica (Späth), 1925; "Herbarium specimen - E00405689". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Planted cultivar, Ibrahim Pasha Gardens, Beykoz, Istanbul (1961)
  16. ^ U. campestris viminalis leaves, Cambridge University Herbarium, labelled 'Herb. J. Lindley, Ph.D., Purchased in 1866'
  17. ^ [File:Leaf of U. 'Viminalis' from Elwes & Henry.jpg Leaf-drawing of Elwes & Henry's 'type' tree (1913)]
  18. ^ [File:Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde, page 215.jpg Schneider, Camillo Karl (1906), Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde, p.215, Fig. "o": f. antarctica]
  19. ^ Hilliers' Manual of Trees & Shrubs. (1977). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, UK.
  20. ^ a b Bean, W. J. (1936) Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition, Murray, London, vol. 2, p.621
  21. ^ Trees and Shrubs Catalogue, Hillier & Sons, 1958–1959, p.99
  22. ^ Jackson, A. Bruce (1927). Catalogue of the Trees & Shrubs [at Westonbirt] in the Collection of the Late Lieut-Col. Sir George Lindsay Holford. London. p. 195.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  23. ^ Hanham, F. (1857). A Manual for the Park (Royal Victoria Park, Bath). Longman, London.
  24. ^ rystonhall.co.uk/
  25. ^ Ryston Hall Arboretum catalogue. c. 1920. pp. 13–14.
  26. ^ Catalogue of trees & shrubs. T & S 100. Winchester, England: Hillier and sons. 1964. pp. 158–159.
  27. ^ Hovey & Co., Boston, Mass., Catalogue of ornamental trees & shrubs, evergreens and climbing plants, 1855, p.5
  28. ^ Ellwanger & Barry, Descriptive Catalogue of Hardy Ornamental Trees ... at the Mount Hope Nurseries (Rochester, N.Y., 1868), p.9
  29. ^ Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (France). Collection: Vascular plants (P). Specimen P06882554
  30. ^ Guilfoyle, W. R. (William Robert), Annual report on the Melbourne Botanic Gardens, Government House grounds and Domain, Melbourne, 1877; p.39
  31. ^ a b Shaw, Phil. "Significant Elms of South-Eastern Australia". advancedtrees.com.au. Retrieved 2017-06-19.
  32. ^ a b "1123 Lydiard Street North, Ballarat". Google Maps. Retrieved 2017-06-19.
  33. ^ Herbarium specimen of Withdean Park 'Viminalis', Brighton
  34. ^ "Victorian Heritage Database". vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au. 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
  35. ^ benalla.vic.gov.au/Files/BRC_Gardens_DL.pdf
  36. ^ 'Viminalis' in Benalla Botanic Gardens, trusttrees.org.au
  37. ^ Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm (2 ed.). 1899. p. 74.
  38. ^ Dieck, Georg (1887). Haupt-catalog der Obst- und gehölzbaumschulen des ritterguts Zöschen bei Merseburg. Zöschen.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  39. ^ Loddiges, Conrad (1836). Catalogue. Hackney.
  40. ^ Botanic Garden Meise, Herbarium specimen BR0000010841105
  41. ^ Hartwig, Julius; Rümpler, Theodor (1875). Illustrirtes Gehölzbuch. p. 580. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  42. ^ Wesmael, Alfred (1862). "Bulletin de la Fédération des sociétés d'horticulture de Belgique". p. 389. hdl:2027/hvd.32044103102810. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  43. ^ Audibert, Urbain (1817). Catalogue des végétaux de tous genres cultivés dans les jardins et pépinières du Sieur Audibert. p. 23. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  44. ^ Lavallée, Alphonse (1877). Arboretum Segrezianum. p. 235.
  45. ^ Boulger, George (1879). "British elms". The Gardener's Chronicle. 12: 298.
  46. ^ Beissner, L; Schelle, E; Zabel, H (1903). Handbuch der Laubholz-Benennung. p. 85.
  47. ^ a b Dieck, Georg (1885). Haupt-catalog der Obst- und gehölzbaumschulen des ritterguts Zöschen bei Merseburg. Zöschen. p. 82.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  48. ^ Dippel (1892). Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. Vol. 2. p. 30.
  49. ^ Petzold; Kirchner (1864). Arboretum Muscaviense. p. 553.
  50. ^ Krüssman, Gerd, Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs (1984 vol. 3)
  51. ^ Masters, William (1891). "Trees and shrubs for large towns". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of London. 13: 90.
  52. ^ "List of plants in the {elm} collection". Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  53. ^ Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. Whittet Press, ISBN 978-1-873580-61-5.
  54. ^ "National Trust - Hybrid Elm (Ulmus viminalis)". trusttrees.org.au. Retrieved 2017-06-19.
  55. ^ Accessions book. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 1902. pp. 45, 47.
  56. ^ Späth's erroneous clone, data.rbge.org.uk E00824785, E00824787, E00824880
  57. ^ "Herbarium specimen - E00824880". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Späth's U. campestris viminalis ("not the usual nothomorph"; RBGE tree C2706; 1958); "Herbarium specimen - E00824787". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Späth's U. campestris viminalis ("not the usual nothomorph"; 1902); "Herbarium specimen - E00824785". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Späth's U. campestris viminalis ("not the usual nothomorph"; 1902)
  58. ^ a b Melville's 1958 annotations to the RBGE cultivated herbarium accessions book, tree C2706
  59. ^ data.rbge.org.uk, specimen E00824785
  60. ^ "Field elm in Holyrood Palace gardens". Google Maps. June 2015. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
  61. ^ Saunders, William; Macoun, William Tyrrell (1899). Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm (2 ed.). pp. 74–75.
  62. ^ Wilkinson, Gerald, After the Elm (London 1978)

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Swiss International Air Lines

Swiss International Air Lines IATA ICAO Kode panggil LX SWR SWISS Didirikan31 Maret 2002 [1]PenghubungBandar Udara ZurichKota fokus Bandar Udara Internasional Jenewa EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg Program penumpang setiaMiles & MoreLounge bandaraHON & Senator LoungeAliansiStar AllianceAnak perusahaanEdelweiss AirArmada89Tujuan102[2]SloganOur sign is a promisePerusahaan indukLufthansa GroupKantor pusatEuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburgdekat Basel, SwissRegister: B...

 

بلدة ولينغتون (ميشيغان)

بلدة ولينغتون   الإحداثيات 45°08′22″N 83°48′33″W / 45.139444444444°N 83.809166666667°W / 45.139444444444; -83.809166666667   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة ألبينا  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 138.3 كيلومتر مربع  ارتفاع 230 متر  عدد السكان  عد...

 

The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian

Fables by fifteenth century Scottish poet, Robert Henryson The Preiching of the Swallow The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a work of Northern Renaissance literature composed in Middle Scots by the fifteenth century Scottish makar, Robert Henryson. It is a cycle of thirteen connected narrative poems based on fables from the European tradition. The drama of the cycle exploits a set of complex moral dilemmas through the figure of animals representing a full range of human psychology. A...

Archaeology Museum, Pasca

Archaeology MuseumMuseo Arqueológico de PascaThe museum holds a replica of the famous Muisca raftLocation within ColombiaEstablished1969LocationCalle 1 with Carrera 5Pasca,  ColombiaCoordinates04°18′31.8″N 74°17′59.3″W / 4.308833°N 74.299806°W / 4.308833; -74.299806TypeArchaeologyCollection size2500FounderJaime Hincapié SantamaríaWebsiteWebsite The Archaeology Museum of Pasca (Spanish: Museo Arqueológico de Pasca) is an archaeological museum locate...

 

Time's List of the 100 Best Novels

List of novels between 1923 and 2005 This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Time's List of the 100 Best Novels – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Time's List of the 100 Best Novels is an unranked list of the 100 best novels published in the English language between 1923 and...

 

Margaret Dyer-Howe

Montserratian politician and businesswoman (1941–2019) Margaret Dyer-HoweMember of Legislative Assembly of MontserratMinisterMinister for Education and Social AffairsConstituencySouthernMinisterMinister for Trade, Agriculture, Lands, Housing and the EnvironmentMinisterMinister of Finance Personal detailsBornMargaret Corbett18 November 1941Died6 April 2019(2019-04-06) (aged 77)Political partyNew People's Liberation MovementMontserrat Labour PartySpouse(s)Michael Dyer, m. 1964 Margaret (...

Brad Lambert (American football)

American football player and coach (born 1965) Brad LambertLambert at 2017 C-USA Media DaysCurrent positionTitleDefensive coordinatorTeamWake ForestConferenceACCBiographical detailsBorn (1965-01-14) January 14, 1965 (age 59)Hoxie, Kansas, U.S.Playing career1983–1986Kansas State Position(s)Defensive backCoaching career (HC unless noted)1988–1989Oklahoma (GA)1990Marshall (DE)1991–1995Marshall (DB)1996–1998Georgia (ST/DL)1998–1999Georgia (LB)2000Georgia (DB)2001–2007Wake Forest ...

 

Buried in Oblivion

2004 studio album by Into EternityBuried in OblivionStudio album by Into EternityReleasedFebruary 10, 2004RecordedApril 21 to September 21, 2003StudioTouchwood Studios, Regina, SK, CanadaGenreProgressive metal, melodic death metalLength44:37LabelCentury MediaProducerJohnny Six Pack Gasparic Scott KrallInto Eternity chronology Dead or Dreaming(2001) Buried in Oblivion(2004) The Scattering of Ashes(2006) Buried in Oblivion is the third full-length studio album by the Canadian metal ban...